The European Union (EU) has raised concerns about China's increasing dominance in the global electric vehicle (EV) and EV battery industries. As a response, the EU has implemented regulatory measures and imposed countervailing duties on Chinese-made EVs. However, as the EU speeds up its adoption of electric vehicles, the demand for Chinese EV batteries continues to grow. This situation creates both opportunities and challenges for China, leading to an increase in Chinese outward direct investment (ODI) and exports to the EU as a way to navigate trade restrictions. This study examines trade patterns and key export destinations in the EV and EV battery sectors based on the timing of China's ODI flows to the EU. Exports and investments related to complete EV sales are primarily concentrated in Western and Southern Europe, particularly in Belgium, Spain, and Germany, where EV consumption and automobile manufacturing are most advanced. In contrast, exports and investments in EV batteries are focused on Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, reflecting China's strategy to supply local EV manufacturing plants and use Germany and Belgium as logistics and re-export hubs. Overall, China is strategically expanding its presence across the EU’s EV and battery industries, rather than just targeting select markets. As China's economic influence increases, internal divisions among EU member states have become more pronounced, undermining a unified approach to sanctions. This development highlights China's efforts to mitigate EU restrictions and suggests a potential for cooperation in areas such as carbon markets, climate change, and the circular economy.

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This study examines the impact of changes in U.S. presidential leadership on Washington’s policy toward China and the dynamics of bilateral relations, with the aim of drawing implications for the anticipated Trump–Xi 2.0 era. To this end, it adopts Margaret Archer’s morphogenetic perspective, which highlights the cyclical process through which existing structures and agents interact to generate new institutional configurations. It further employs Burns’s and Barber’s models of presidential leadership to analyze the contrasting leadership orientations of Donald Trump and Joseph Biden. Within this analytical framework, President Trump exhibited a passionate and assertive approach to governance. However, his frequent expressions of negative emotion and discontent—particularly his excessive preoccupation with and hostility toward critics and institutional checks—align him with a Hamiltonian leadership style characterized by dissatisfaction with the status quo. In contrast, President Biden has consistently demonstrated respect for constitutional norms and the separation of powers, maintaining cooperative relations with Congress. He has led primarily through institutional channels that emphasize compromise and bipartisanship. While his policies have occasionally faced opposition, Biden has generally responded with restraint and inclusiveness, seeking to integrate divergent perspectives through negotiation and adjustment. Accordingly, he exemplifies a Madisonian leadership style grounded in satisfaction with the existing political order. Although it remains difficult to determine precisely the extent to which these leadership shifts have influenced—or will influence—the trajectory of U.S.–China relations, the relative stability of domestic and international environments in recent years suggests that such a pronounced transformation in leadership is likely to have exerted a meaningful impact. These findings suggest that, in the forthcoming Trump–Xi 2.0 era, the international community—drawing on the lessons of the earlier phase—should take leadership as a critical variable in anticipating and responding to future shifts in U.S. policy and global behavior.

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This study systematically reviews empirical research conducted between 2018 and 2025 in order to analyse the impact of China's Emissions Trading System (ETS) on innovation, productivity, financial performance, and carbon emission reduction following its introduction in seven pilot regions in 2013, examining the manifestation and mechanisms of the Porter hypothesis. A comprehensive review of micro-level studies at the firm and regional levels was undertaken, and the weak Porter hypothesis was supported by multiple studies. However, the strong Porter hypothesis—whereby innovation translates into productivity gains and improved financial performance—received only limited empirical support. With regard to productivity, whilst the majority of studies report increases in total factor productivity (TFP), questions have been raised as to whether this constitutes a genuine Porter effect, as the pathways appear to be driven more by operational efficiency improvements and resource reallocation rather than technological innovation. Financial performance shows no significant improvement following short-term shocks, suggesting that market valuation of innovation remains limited. Mechanism analysis reveals that while market price signals and regulatory supervision pressures coexist, government intervention through regulatory and supervisory mechanisms operates relatively more dominantly in actual implementation. This is attributed to structural limitations in the institutional design of China's ETS, including free allocation, intensity-based quota systems, low market liquidity, and weaknesses in the monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system. Furthermore, firm ownership structure, industry characteristics, regional marketisation levels, and government capacity were found to significantly mediate policy effects. Based on the analysis of empirical research on China's ETS effectiveness, the present study suggests that enhancing the effectiveness of market-based environmental policies in emerging economies requires institutional improvements—including expanded auctioning, transition to absolute cap-and-trade systems, and MRV standardisation—along with differentiated approaches tailored to regional institutional capacity and market infrastructure levels. Ultimately, recent empirical studies from China emphasise that environmental regulations can induce innovation effects even in emerging economy contexts, but that institutional preconditions are critical for translating these effects into economic value.

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This study analyzes the long-term structural transformation of the Chinese economy through sectoral financial balances and financial balance sheets, elucidating its macroeconomic transition from an integrated perspective of flows and stocks. Based on Wynne Godley’s New Cambridge Approach, the study employs a three-sector balance framework—private, government, and external—to empirically examine the structural reconfiguration of the Chinese economy. Comparative analysis with major economies and a comprehensive review of key macroeconomic indicators were conducted to identify China’s structural features and relative position. The results show that since the 1990s, China has maintained a persistent private-sector surplus. While this surplus was primarily supported by current account surpluses until the mid-2000s, since 2016 it has increasingly relied on expanding fiscal deficits. This indicates a shift from export- and manufacturing-led growth toward a domestic demand–driven model. The financial balance sheet analysis (1992–2022) reveals that the private sector holds net assets of RMB 201 trillion, while the government (-RMB 98 trillion) and external (-RMB 102 trillion) sectors record corresponding deficits, reflecting a structure similar to that of export-oriented Germany. Further, non-financial corporate debt reached 138% of GDP, exceeding the global average, with household and government debt also rising. The industrial structure is gradually shifting from manufacturing to services, accompanied by policies to stimulate domestic consumption. Externally, despite U.S.–China tensions and the slowdown in global trade, China is diversifying trade through deeper engagement with Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries and the Global South. Overall, China’s macroeconomic structure is characterized by “persistent private-sector surplus, a shift in the balance from external to fiscal surplus, and a transition toward domestic demand–led growth.” The prospects for China’s qualitative and sustainable economic growth depend on the rebalancing of intersectoral financial flows, industrial upgrading, fiscal and debt sustainability, and the diversification of real trade networks.

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This study analyzes China’s technology-based cultural strategy, which leverages artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and domestic platforms as its core pillars to control the entire process of cultural production, distribution, and consumption. AI is utilized not only for simple content recommendation but also to precisely analyze users’ psychology and emotions, thereby providing emotionally stimulating content that maximizes user engagement on platforms. Big data is employed to predict and segment cultural consumption patterns, enabling the dissemination of customized content to specific user groups. At the same time, a closed platform ecosystem combined with censorship technologies blocks the inflow of external culture and systematically induces the internalization of state ideology. This strategy is further reinforced through the cooperative structure among the government, platform enterprises, and content creators, evolving beyond cultural industry promotion into a digital soft power strategy. The international community responds in diverse ways. The United States strengthens regulations on TikTok due to concerns about security and political influence, while Europe pushes forward legislation focusing on personal data protection and youth protection. In contrast, Southeast Asian countries show a relatively high acceptance of Chinese content, yet political bias remains a concern. These dynamics indicate that cultural competition is no longer confined to content exchange but has expanded into new conflicts over data sovereignty, algorithmic control, and platform publicness. Against this backdrop, South Korea must protect its cultural sovereignty and build a sustainable digital cultural ecosystem by enhancing technological independence and domestic platform competitiveness, ensuring algorithmic transparency and publicness, globalizing unique cultural assets such as Hangul, traditional culture, history, and cuisine, and fostering ethical platform culture through international cooperation. This study highlights that 21st-century cultural hegemony unfolds not through military or economic power, but through the interplay of data, algorithms, and emotions. It suggests that culture should no longer be viewed merely as a diplomatic tool but as a strategic national asset requiring sophisticated state-level responses.

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Recently, China’s tourism performance sector has developed rapidly, yet the themes of most works still rely heavily on regional and ethnic cultural resources. How to expand new sources of content has emerged as a crucial issue for the sustainable development of tourism performing arts. This study analyzed how the classical literary work Dream of the Red Chamberhas been newly interpreted in tourism performing arts. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes three suggestions. First, in selecting themes for tourism performance works, it is necessary to broaden the perspective. Second, while respecting the original text, innovative adaptations should be emphasized to breathe new life into the classics. Third, through unique directing methods and diverse performance styles, the immersive experience and interaction of audiences should be enhanced. The integration of classical literature and tourism performance not only facilitates the contemporary transformation of culture but also offers important insights for the future development of China’s tourism performance sector.

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This paper analyzes the impact of the interaction between foreign direct investment and human capital on regional economic development. Based on panel data from 16 prefecturelevel cities in Shandong Province from 1990 to 2023, an extended model based on the Cobb-Douglas production function is constructed, introducing the interaction variable between foreign direct investment and human capital to analyze its impact on regional economic development. In this panel regression model, regional economic development is measured by GDP per capita, capital is represented by total fixed asset investment, labor force is the number of employed persons at the end of the year, and human capital is measured as the proportion of students with secondary education and higher to the total population. To further compare the phased characteristics of the interaction between foreign direct investment and human capital, this paper divides the analysis period into three periods: 1990-2023, 1990-2000, and 2001-2023, with China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 as the boundary. Furthermore, regression analyses are conducted on three indicators: human capital at the middle education level, human capital at the high education level, and comprehensive human capital. The empirical results of this paper demonstrate that, first, the interaction between foreign direct investment and human capital exhibits a significant positive effect across all model settings, indicating that this interaction can effectively promote regional economic development. Second, phased results indicate that the interaction between foreign direct investment and human capital was more pronounced between 1990 and 2000. After 2001, despite the overall expansion of foreign direct investment, its interaction with human capital weakened, highlighting the importance of matching human capital structure with foreign direct investment quality. Third, comparing human capital education levels, the interaction between human capital with higher education and foreign direct investment has a stronger impact on regional economic development than that between human capital with middle education, indicating that human capital with higher education plays a more critical role in translating foreign direct investment effects into regional development. In summary, there is a significant complementary relationship between foreign direct investment and human capital, and their deep integration is a key path to enhancing regional economic development. Therefore, while promoting foreign direct investment inflows, regional development policies should also increase investment in human capital, particularly higher education resources, to enhance foreign direct investment absorption capacity and achieve regional economic development.

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Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, Korea–China relations have developed rapidly in the political, security, and economic fields, becoming one of the most representative bilateral relationships in East Asia. However, despite experiencing multiple external shocks and internal frictions, the two countries have repeatedly managed to recover after crises and return to a relatively stable state — a phenomenon that can be understood as the “resilience” of Korea–China relations. Against this backdrop, this study aims to address two core questions: What are the specific manifestations of resilience in Korea–China relations during major periods of fluctuation? And what are the key factors that constitute this resilience? To answer these questions, this paper examines three representative bilateral crises since 2008 and constructs a dual-variable analytical framework of “interdependence–threat perception.” Through empirical analysis, it explores the characteristics and constitutive elements of resilience in the bilateral relationship. The findings indicate that the resilience of Korea–China relations is reflected in four dimensions: (1) the continuity of political interaction, (2) the closeness of economic interdependence, (3) the recoverability of social exchanges and (4) the robustness of defense and military exchanges. In terms of underlying factors, the “high interdependence–low threat perception” structure provides a strong foundation for stability and recovery. In the future, South Korea and China will need to continuously deepen mutual trust and expand cooperation, thereby injecting sustained momentum into the long-term stability and shared development of their bilateral relations and the broader region.

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With the rapid development of digital technologies, digital transformation has become a critical factor in driving value chain reconfiguration in manufacturing enterprises. Adopting a dynamic digital enablement perspective, this study employs a longitudinal single-case research methodology to systematically analyze the digital transformation process of Haier Group of China, aiming to uncover the dynamic evolution mechanism and restructuring logic of traditional manufacturing firms' value chains. This study constructs a four-stage evolutionary model: "enterprise value chain optimization - industrial value chain integration - ecosystem value chain construction - comprehensive intelligent value chain creation". The findings reveal that digital enablement serves as the core mechanism for value chain advancement, with its enablement subjects and focuses dynamically differentiated across stages. Initially, the focus is on employee and process enablement; subsequently, it transitions to process, collaboration, and customer enablement; ultimately evolving into comprehensive multi-subject enablement. This study not only enriches the theoretical framework of digital enablement and value chain reconfiguration but provides stage-specific strategic insights for digital transformation strategies in manufacturing enterprises. By delineating the evolutionary trajectory of value chain reconfiguration, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of digital-driven organizational transformation.

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This study aims to investigate the structural relationship among CSR, internal control, and investment efficiency, and further examine the moderating effect of digital transformation. Based on this analytical framework, the study employs a sample of A-share listed firms in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2016 to 2020. The research hypotheses are empirically tested through correlation analysis, regression analysis, and Bootstrap mediation and moderation tests. The empirical results indicate that both CSR and internal control have a significant impact on investment efficiency. Moreover, internal control plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between CSR and investment efficiency. Further analysis reveals that digital transformation exerts a significant moderating effect on the relationship between CSR and internal control. These findings suggest that firms should strengthen internal control and accelerate digital transformation to enhance governance transparency and decision-making efficiency.

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Against the backdrop of China’s economic restructuring and intensifying workplace competition, employee job satisfaction has declined significantly. To explore culturally specific dimensions of psychological capital (PsyCap) such as "relational resilience" and "collective hope," and further explain the dilemma of "high engagement but low satisfaction" in China, this study, based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory and the perspective of cultural psychology, investigates the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction, as well as the moderating effects of industry type and education level. This study adopts a mixed-methods research approach. First, a literature review was conducted to construct a theoretical model of "work engagement → PsyCap → job satisfaction," with industry type and education level set as moderating variables. Subsequently, a stratified sampling survey was carried out in the core economic regions of eastern China. Electronic questionnaires were distributed to employees in the manufacturing industry and high-tech industry (samples from the two industries each accounted for 50%, consistent with the national industrial structure). After screening out invalid questionnaires, 428 valid questionnaires were finally obtained, with an effective recovery rate of 91.1%. The sample was representative in terms of demographic characteristics: the 26-35 age group (the main labor force) accounted for 58%, females accounted for 52.1%, and education levels ranged from junior high school and below to master’s degree and above. The research measurement tools included: (1) Work Engagement Scale, which consists of two dimensions: autonomous engagement and obligatory engagement; (2) Psychological Capital Scale, focusing on two dimensions: "hope for organizational support" and "resilience rooted in family responsibility"; (3) Job Satisfaction Scale, which includes two dimensions: intrinsic satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and the Bootstrap method (5,000 resamplings). The main research results are as follows: (1) Full mediating effect of PsyCap: Work engagement had a significant positive predictive effect on PsyCap (β=0.61, p<0.001), among which both obligatory engagement (β=0.45, p<0.001) and autonomous engagement (β=0.39, p=0.003) were significant; PsyCap had a significant positive predictive effect on job satisfaction (β=0.70, p<0.001), and the contribution of the "hope" dimension (β=0.51, p<0.001) was higher than that of the "resilience" dimension (β=0.38, p=0.005). The direct effect of work engagement on job satisfaction was not significant (β=0.09, p=0.215), and the mediating effect of PsyCap accounted for 82.7% of the total effect. (2) Moderating effects: Industry type moderated the path of "work engagement → PsyCap"; education level moderated the path of "PsyCap → job satisfaction." The interaction between the two revealed a "dual-track mechanism": employees with low education in the manufacturing industry followed the path of "obligatory engagement → resilience → satisfaction" (β=0.36, p<0.001), while employees with high education in the high-tech industry followed the path of "autonomous engagement → hope → satisfaction" (β=0.49, p<0.001). Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the model had a good fit (χ²/df=2.15, CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.052), and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) of all constructs was greater than 0.5, while the Composite Reliability (CR) was higher than 0.8. Theoretically, this study deepens the cultural adaptability of PsyCap and expands the connotation of the COR Theory by emphasizing social resources such as family well-being. Practically, the study provides differentiated strategies: manufacturing enterprises can enhance employees’ resilience through family support measures such as children’s education subsidies; high-tech enterprises can strengthen employees’ sense of hope by improving the transparency of promotion. This study has limitations, including its cross-sectional design and samples concentrated in eastern China. Future research can adopt a longitudinal design and expand the samples to central and western China.

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The Great Wall National Cultural Park of China is a large-scale and systematic national cultural project, in which the construction of Great Wall village landscapes constitutes an essential component. The theory of narrative landscape plays a significant role in interpreting historical and cultural landscapes, as it reveals the contextual continuity of the landscape and shapes its poetic imagery. Accordingly, this study focuses on the Great Wall villages in the eastern Hebei (Jidong) section and aims to explore design approaches and methods for enhancing the landscape of these villages through the integration of narrative landscape theory. Under the background of rural revitalization, this research seeks to provide scientific guidance grounded in landscape architecture for the landscape development of the Great Wall National Cultural Park and its villages, as well as a reference framework for similar studies in other regions. In the Introduction, the study explains the research methods adopted, including literature review, interviews, field surveys, and comprehensive analysis. Chapter II employs literature research and expert interviews to organize the geographical distribution and historical evolution of the Great Wall villages in Jidong, classifying them into three types: fortress-type villages, garrison-type villages, and resource-based villages. A list of key villages in the Jidong section is also compiled as a basis for subsequent research. Chapter III synthesizes and generalizes the theoretical framework of narrative landscapes based on literature review, and integrates it with field survey results of current landscape conditions. The design concept of narrative landscape is applied to the three village types to propose an overall design framework and thematic direction for each category. To translate theory into practical application, Chapter IV selects Zhuanghe Village in Qinhuangdao City, a representative garrison-type village, as a case study. Based on field investigations, the current conditions and problems of the village are analyzed. The landscape is decomposed into overall spatial atmosphere, spatial units (productive, living, and ecological spaces), and material and immaterial elements. Three historical periods are selected for narrative structuring, forming a coherent sequence of narrative landscape spaces. The design process—from identifying narrative elements to reconstructing narrative spaces—is analyzed in depth. Finally, four main conclusions are drawn: Great Wall villages in the Jidong section can be categorized into fortress-type, garrison-type, and resource-based types. Narrative themes are proposed for each village type. The narrative landscape elements of Zhuanghe Village are extracted. Based on historical-periodic themes, the narrative landscape of Zhuanghe Village is reconstructed. These findings provide specific strategies for the narrative landscape design of Great Wall villages in the Jidong section and offer valuable insights for the landscape development of other Great Wall regions.

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This paper takes the decorative elements of buyao golden leaves on the Korean Peninsula as its primary research object and explores their evolution from physical form to aesthetic connotation within a cross-cultural East Asian framework. Drawing on archaeological typology, technological analysis, and iconographic interpretation, it traces the origin of buyao in early Chinese ritual and decorative systems and demonstrates how, during the Han and Jin dynasties, its forms and symbolism were transmitted eastward and underwent processes of localization and reinterpretation. The study pays particular attention to the transformation and recombination of golden leaf motifs during the Goguryeo and Silla periods, revealing how craftsmen achieved aesthetic innovation through changes in material carrier, decorative density, and rhythmic motion. The findings indicate that Korean artisans not only inherited the dynamic aesthetic principles of Chinese and Central Asian crown ornaments but also restructured them creatively according to local belief systems, ritual codes, and aesthetic values. By incorporating indigenous symbols such as tree-like “Y-shaped” branches and abstract bird-wing forms, they generated a distinctive visual language that combined sacred vitality with hierarchical order. The process of cross-cultural translation seen in these artifacts thus embodies both technological hybridity and cultural agency. It reflects the multilayered accumulation and interaction of East Asian material civilizations and underscores the Korean Peninsula’s active role in reconstructing its own cultural subjectivity through artistic adaptation, innovation, and synthesis. Ultimately, buyao golden leaves function as tangible evidence of how aesthetic concepts, ritual meaning, and technical knowledge circulated, converged, and transformed across East Asia during antiquity.

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In the traditional Chinese painting, architectural elements not only serve the function of space construction, but also act as visual symbols of cultural concepts and philosophical thoughts, becoming an important means of expression. This paper takes the representative paintings of the Song and Ming Dynasties as the research objects, relying on the theory of Iconology, and systematically combs the visual representation and cultural value of architecture in paintings from the two levels of "the form of external meaning" and "the connotation of internal meaning". The research finds that the architectural depiction in Song Dynasty paintings is mostly characterized by natural and soft brushwork, emphasizing the integration with the landscape environment, reflecting the Taoist concept of "unity of man and nature" and "following nature"; while Ming Dynasty paintings focus more on symmetry and order, paying attention to the precision of structure and the clarity of hierarchy, reflecting the visual reproduction of Confucian ritual system and ethical spirit. It can be seen that the Song Dynasty focuses on natural philosophy, while the Ming Dynasty pays more attention to social norms and order. This paper, by means of iconology, combines the research of art history, architectural history and ideological culture, aims to reveal the era's thinking and cultural connotations carried by the architectural imagery in Chinese paintings, and to provide a new theoretical path for the interdisciplinary research of art and architecture.

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Enterprises may lawfully hold the data they collect and process; however, current legislation does not clearly define the legal nature of the rights that enterprises enjoy over such lawfully held data. If enterprises were granted highly exclusive property rights, the balance between corporate and individual interests could not be maintained; conversely, if enterprise rights were confined to a fragmented “bundle of rights,” the effective exercise of data rights would be undermined. Accordingly, enterprises should be recognized as possessing a singular yet non-absolute entitlement grounded in lawful holding and control—namely, the Limited Holding Right in Corporate Data Resources. The core function of this holding right lies in enabling enterprises to realize the economic value of data within the scope of lawful authorization. Its “limited” nature operates on two dimensions. First, under the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), Article 45, individuals may exercise the right to data portability to transfer their economic interests while retaining personality interests, thereby achieving a balance between dignity and property. Second, within the corporate market order, data transaction freedom must be safeguarded, reasonable data scraping must be tolerated, and monopolistic practices must be prevented. Consequently, reasonable scraping by other enterprises should not automatically be deemed “unfair competition” under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), Article 2, but should instead be evaluated comprehensively in light of the scraping conduct, scope, utilization outcomes, and social value.

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In recent years, amidst China’s economic slowdown and escalating fiscal revenue-expenditure tensions, local governments face dual pressures of declining revenue growth and rigid expenditure increases, bringing fiscal sustainability issues to the forefront. Against this backdrop, the amended “Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China (2021)” explicitly mandates “enhancing the effectiveness of audit supervision.” How institutional reforms in government auditing can improve expenditure efficiency has thus become critical. As a key oversight mechanism in the national governance system, high-quality government auditing is crucial for regulating fiscal fund usage and optimizing resource allocation. However, existing research lacks systematic analysis of the impact mechanisms and regional heterogeneity of government audit quality on expenditure efficiency. Building upon information asymmetry theory and public expenditure principal-agent theory, this study utilizes provincial panel data from 2009-2020. We employ the DEA-SBM super-efficiency model to measure expenditure efficiency and construct a comprehensive audit quality evaluation index to empirically test the impact of audit quality on expenditure efficiency. The findings indicate a significant positive correlation between government audit quality and expenditure efficiency, mediated through enhanced fiscal transparency. Regional heterogeneity analysis reveals a stronger promoting effect in Eastern China. This research provides empirical support for the “long-term mechanism for audit rectification” proposed in the “14th Five-Year Plan for National Audit Work Development,” confirming that strengthening the synergy between audit supervision and fiscal transparency under digital transformation represents an institutional innovation path for resolving soft budget constraints and enhancing fiscal expenditure efficiency. It also offers theoretical justification for “building a modern fiscal system with a centralized, unified, comprehensively covered, authoritative, and efficient audit supervision system.”

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