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This study focused on analyzing the changes and characteristics of the dependency relationship between Korea and China for 20 years from 2000 to 2020. The target of analysis is 9 manufacturing industries, and the analysis is based on the international input-output model. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the interdependence relationship between Korea and China was deepening despite the global expansion of protectionism and trade frictions between the US and China since the mid-2010s. In particular, it was observed that Korea and China are highly dependent on each other in the same industries such as electrical, electronic and precision machinery, transportation machinery, metal products, general machinery, and chemical products. This can be interpreted to mean that the structure of division of labor between the two countries has become closer over the past 20 years.

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The chemical material industry has a substantial forward-backward linkage effect in various industrial areas such as electronics, automobiles, and energy. Related items are the primary export industries as they occupy 3rd place in the overall export rankings in Korea and are also highly profitable industries that record a trade surplus of 33%. However, in advanced chemical materials, the export competitiveness of developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan is very high. There is a competitive relationship with China in general-purpose chemical materials, so it is urgent to prepare a continuous countermeasure. Moreover, Korea’s technological prowess in the chemical materials industry is only 66% compared to advanced countries. Its domestic procurement rate is only 57%. Its share in the global export market remains ninth, so it is necessary to prepare measures to enhance competitiveness. Accordingly, this research calculates and compares Export Market Share(EMS), Trade Specialization Index(TSI), Revealed Comparative Advantage(RCA), Contribution to the Trade Balance(CTB), and Export Similarity Index(ESI). The results could analyze the export competitiveness of related-significant countries and compare the export competitiveness between Korea and China in the Chemical Materials industry. The results of the study are as follows: First, the export competitiveness of related-significant countries is high in the order of EMS: the US > Germany > China, TSI: Ireland > Switzerland > Netherlands, RCA: Ireland > Switzerland > Belgium, CTB: Switzerland > Ireland > Belgium. Second, comparing Korea-China export competitiveness, Korea is more competitive than China, and the item with the fiercest competition between the two countries is chemical fiber. Third, when comparing the major trading countries of Korea and China, China has a relatively equal proportion to the United States, Japan, Korea, and Mexico. Still, Korea concentrated in China, Japan, and the United States. Korea’s export competitiveness in the Chemical Material industry is superior to China, but it is intermediate among significant countries in the global market. Therefore, we must consider upgrading structural changes in export products that focus on advanced chemical material industries such as ‘basic pharmaceutical substances & biological preparations.’ In addition, policy support needs to invest R&D indirect investment in SMEs, develop source technology, and foster SME material companies.

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This study concluded by empirically testing whether there is a cointegration relationship between exports and imports and other macroeconomic variables in trade between Korea and China. Unlike previous studies that implicitly assumed the symmetry of the cointegration between variables, this paper explicitly tested the possibility that the cointegration between the variables has asymmetries. The monthly macroeconomic data used are exports and imports between Korea and China, the industrial production index of Korea and China, and the exchange rates from January 2006 to December 2019. As results of testing by performing the linear cointegration tests, the existence of a significant cointegration relationship was found only in the import sector from China, not found in the export sector to China. As results of testing the asymmetric cointegration tests, it was confirmed that there was asymmetrical cointegration relationships in both the export and import sectors to China. Considering that the results of results from the M-TAR model are better than those of the TAR model, it can be concluded that such results are due to the specificities of exports and imports between Korea and China, which are continuously affected by the trend changes of the global economy. It was found that the adjustment speed when there were the positive gaps from the equilibrium was higher than when there were negative gaps. In the estimation results of the threshold error correction models showing the short-term adjustment process between the variables, each coefficient of the error correction terms also showed different adjustment speeds for the positive and negative deviations from the equilibrium. Therefore, there are cointegration relationships with asymmetric adjustment processes among the variables used in this study, so empirical tests based only on traditional linear cointegration theories seem to possibly lead to false conclusions.

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Korea and China have made achievements in various fields since official diplomatic relations in 1992. However, social and cultural conflicts between Korea and China are occurring are frequent, especially Koreans’ negative perception on China has steadily increased. Against this backdrop, this article claims that the recent social and cultural conflicts between Korea and China are structural impediments caused by overlapping part of tradition(including history and custom), combined with nationalist opinions. Therefore, it is difficult to resolve these conflicts with functionalist approach, such as promoting relations through communication and cooperation as generally presented by the Korean and Chinese governments. To put it more concretely, this paper will compare the responses of the two governments in the past to the “Northeast Project(東北工程)” and the “ethnic Koreans in China(朝鮮族)” issues. Through this analysis it will present policy implications for the further development of Korea-China relations.

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In this study, consumer ETC service characteristic factors targeting Chinese ETC consumers (Convenience, Economy, Stability, Responsiveness), ETC user characteristic factors(Individual innovation, Self-efficacy), Structural relationships between privacy risk, perceived value, and satisfaction were identified. In addition, between ETC service characteristic factors and perceived value, Between ETC User Characteristics and Perceived Value, The moderating effect of privacy risk on the relationship between perceived value and satisfaction was verified. In this study, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and path analysis were performed using statistical analysis tools SPSS 25 and AMOS 24. Based on the analysis results, the implications for this study are as follows. First, in the case of ETC service characteristics(Convenience, Economy, Stability, Responsiveness), All four factors were found to have a positive (+) effect on the perceived value. Among them, economic feasibility was found to have the greatest influence on perceived value. Next, in the case of ETC user characteristic factors(Individual innovation, Self-efficacy), Both factors were found to have a positive (+) effect on the perceived value. And perceived value was found to have a positive (+) effect on satisfaction. In other words, the higher the perceived value, the higher the ETC user satisfaction was as expected. Finally, the privacy risk of ETC users was found to have a moderating effect between responsiveness and perceived value, and between self-efficacy and perceived value.

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In this study, we measured efficiency of Chinese firms using DEA (data envelopment analysis) model according to input and output by industry with panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2007 to 2020 to investigate the improvements in R&D efficiency around privatization. From the perspective of corporate R&D investment efficiency, the effects of government ownership ratio, technological innovation competency and R&D investment on the efficiency and performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) for some years after privatization are investigated. Based on the results of fixed effects panel regressions ans spatial Durbin panel regressions, we have the following conclusions. First, privatization improves the efficiency of corporate technological innovation activities in China for years including the year of privatization and then aggravates it. Its effects are similarly or exactly reflected in their corporate profitability for the same period. Second, the technological efficiency improves corporate profitability for five years. Third, government ownership improves investment efficiency for the non-privatized firms, including both private firms and government firms, but not for privatized firms. Fourth, technological innovation competency and R&D investments improve their efficiency, but hurt their current-year profitability. Fifth, the effects of privatization, technological innovation and government ownership last positively for one year for privatized Chinese SOEs while such effects on corporate profitability last only for the year after privatization positively during the year, negatively for 5 years in technological innovation and R&D investments. Lastly, in consideration of regional characteristics, privatization has a positive (+) effect on corporate efficiency and profitability across region. Within regions, the metropolitan area, the central region, and the northwest region seem to be on the rise in corporate efficiency, while the coastal area is on the decline. Thus, the privatization of Chinese SOEs has been successful in improving their technological efficiency and profitability for a short period of time, which turns adverse afterwards. The results imply that privatized firms need improvements in the efficiency of technological innovation and R&D investments activities for long-term improvements in efficiency and profitability, with spillover effects across regions nearby.

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The cultural tourism industry has already grown into an important axis in the Chinese economy and has a great influence on the international cultural tourism industry. The Overseas Chinese Group which was established in 1985, has grown to become a representative cultural tourism company in China. This study introduced the development in the Chinese culture-tourism industry and the overseas Chinese group. The Five Forces Model and BSC-SWOT analysis were also used to access the overseas Chinese group’s competitiveness and reason for success. Overseas Chinese group has abundant cultural tourism resources and has a competitive advantage over other companies. By building a cultural tourist service system that is customized to the Chinese circumstances, it has a large market share. However, it continues to face issues such as high infrastructure construction costs, a lack of intellectual property rights acknowledgment, and a lack of innovation. Based on this analysis, implications for enhancing the competitiveness of the Chinese culture and tourism industry and overseas Chinese groups were presented.

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By using Chinese Family Panel Studies data, this paper discusses the effect of higher education on the life satisfaction of Chinese urban residents and tries to provide a simple interpretation to understand the social function of higher education in contemporary China. This is of great significance to China, which has taken the goal of improving the life satisfaction of all people’s lives and achieving a “good life” as its development goal. The conclusions are as follows: For urban residents, higher education is still an important way to improve life satisfaction. However, this positive effect is limited to raising life satisfaction from “very dissatisfied” to “satisfied”. And the effect decreases as life satisfaction increases. Actually, higher education groups are less likely to feel “very satisfied”. More generally, the biggest positive contribution to higher education is to help people stay away from extreme negative emotions, rather than to achieve maximum life satisfaction.

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In China, problems such as sulking, spousal quarrels, overwork and parent-child tension caused by tutoring homework are common, and “auxiliary phobia” has long plagued parents. This research mainly from the psychological point of view of China’s Zhejiang province elementary school parents, with the method of qualitative research and quantitative research, on the investigation of 959 effective samples shows that China’s Zhejiang province after primary school parents’ fear of auxiliary “penetration” as high as 85.82%, main show is angry, dizziness, inner restlessness, rhetoric, etc. “symptoms”. There are significant differences in parents’ gender, occupation and family economic status. In addition, parent-child conflict, controlling style of parental participation in homework, partner conflict and self-conflict had significant positive effects on “phobia of tutoring”. From the professional point of view for the treatment of parents “auxiliary fear” feasible suggestions.

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