This study analyzes U.S.–China strategic competition through semiconductors and rare earths, demonstrating that these strategic resources differ fundamentally in their constraint mechanisms and temporal effects within the international political economy. While previous research often employs unified frameworks like technological hegemony, this study highlights the asymmetric pathways through which these resources constrain state behavior. Drawing on global value chain (GVC) and weaponized interdependence theories, the study conceptualizes these sectors as asymmetric strategic resources. Semiconductors function as a technology-pathway– constraining resource, imposing cumulative, long-term limitations on a state’s capacity to accumulate frontier technological capabilities. Conversely, rare earths operate as a productionpathway– constraining resource, where bottlenecks in intermediate processing (refining, magnet manufacturing) generate immediate but mitigable short-term disruptions. Ultimately, the study interprets U.S.–China relations as a “managed competition” where asymmetric pathway constraints are selectively combined and adjusted.

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This study examines Korea–China trade competition from a Red Queen perspective, which emphasizes continuous adaptation to maintain a relative position as competitors evolve. Using general import data from the USITC DataWeb, it compares U.S. import market shares by country of origin across major manufacturing products over 1990–2025, subject to the availability of consistent product classifications. Product-level patterns are classified using three operational criteria: competitive pressure, measured by changes in China’s share and the Korea–China share gap; adaptation and changes in supply routes, identified from firm-level information on production locations; and the relative outcome following adaptation. In auto parts, Korea’s share increased, but China’s faster expansion intensified relative pressure. Korea maintained or strengthened its position in passenger cars, synthetic resins, and machine tools, while construction machinery exhibited limited late catch-up by China under continued Korean predominance. In mobile phones, the decline in Korea-origin imports coincided with rising shares for Vietnam and India, and firm-level evidence confirms that a major Korean firm operates large production bases in these countries. In batteries, the expansion of U.S. direct imports from China coexisted with the expansion of Korean firms’ U.S. production bases. However, the available data do not identify the exact share supplied by Korean firms through third-country exports or U.S. local production. Integrated circuits and computers displayed changes in supply structure that cannot be explained by bilateral market shares alone. The results show that Red Queen competition does not occur with equal intensity across products; rather, it takes asymmetric forms ranging from relative pressure and supply-route adaptation to persistent Korean advantage and broader supply-structure change. This study contributes by applying the Red Queen perspective to trade competition between countries and by distinguishing country-of-origin supply positions from firms’ global market access. Because the analysis is limited to the U.S. import market and origin-based data, further research should combine evidence from other third markets with firm-level production, investment, and value-added trade data.

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This study attempted to understand through empirical analysis how leader humility affects psychological ownership, knowledge sharing, and personal creativity for workers working in Chinese service companies. The relationship between research concepts was hypothesized based on previous studies, and all hypotheses established by conducting a survey from 375 workers at Chinese service companies located in Beijing and Shanghai, China were verified. The main research results revealed as a result of the empirical analysis are summarized and summarized as follows. First, leader humility was found to have a significant positive effect on psychological ownership and knowledge sharing but did not have a significant impact on personal creativity. Second, psychological ownership was found to have a significant positive effect on both knowledge sharing and personal creativity, while knowledge sharing also had a significant positive effect on personal creativity. Finally, in the relationship between leader humility and personal creativity, psychological ownership and knowledge sharing were found to play simple and dual mediating roles, respectively. Based on the above research results, this study presents several meaningful implications for HRD managers of Chinese service companies for successful organizational operation and demonstrating desirable leadership behavior for human resource management.

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The purpose of this study is to compare youth entrepreneurship in South Korea and China across four dimensions-startup trends, entrepreneurial perceptions, government support policies, and unicorn growth pathways-and to derive policy implications, for the sustainable development of both countries’ youth startup ecosystems. Methodologically, this study conducts an exploratory comparative case study based on official government statistics and policy documents from both countries, internationally recognized unicorn data (CB Insights, the Zhongguancun Forum), and prior literature, covering mainly the period from 2020 to 2024. The main findings are as follows. First, in terms of startup trends, entrepreneurs undet 30 account for only about 14% of Korea’s roughly 1.24 million new businesses per tear (2023), with over 94% of youth startup concentrated in service and retail sectors, whereas China records approximately 8.68 million new startups annually (2022) with a shift toward high value-added fields such as AI and e-commerce; the gap in unicorn counts (25 versus 369) reflects this accumulated structural difference. Second, in terms of support policies, Korea relies on a centrally administered, selection-based direct package support system, while China pursues a multi-actor, eligibility-based universal approach centered on ecosystem infrastructure (Zhongchuang kongjian/mass makerspaces), tax incentives, and startup subsidies; the former is institutionally refined but limited in scale and continuity, whereas the latter is large in scale but faces bubble formation and quality-control challenges. Third, in terms of perceptions, both countries show a strong preference for stable employment, with Korea constrained by the social stigma of business failure and China by the spread of the ‘tang ping’ culture. Based on these findings, this study recommends expanding technology-based entrepreneurship, fostering a failure-tolerant culture with institutional safety nets for re-challenge, strengthening private-sector-led support, and pursuing global orientation from the founding stage as shared policy imperatives for both countries.

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Generative AI has attracted significant attention recently. It is currently being widely applied across various fields, including culture and the arts, education, and medicine. In the field of art therapy—generative AI is increasingly used to recognize and analyze users’ drawings, based on this analysis, generate psychological assessment reports in textual form. Accordingly, the methods and forms of art therapy involving AI are also undergoing gradual transformation. This study takes China’s “Anxin AI” drawing-based psychological assessment system as its subject, analyzing its structure and operational process in order to derive an intervention model for generative AI in art therapy. The results indicate that the system’s AI intervention model can be summarized into three stages: “image recognition → data analysis → feedback generation.” In addition, to address the limitations of existing models, this study proposes a new intervention model that incorporates an interaction stage as well as a “guided drawing” stage aimed at therapeutic purposes. Meanwhile, this study identifies the limitations and future tasks of AI-based art therapy as follows. First, as an exploratory study relying on a single case and one drawing, it has limitations in statistical reliability and clinical validity, necessitating future empirical verification through large-scale Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT). Second, from an AI ethics perspective, establishing a ‘Human-in-the-Loop’ principle to prevent algorithmic bias and clearly defining legal accountability for analytical results are strongly required. Third, specific data governance and legal/institutional frameworks tailored for psychological services handling sensitive information must be comprehensively established.

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This study aims to examine how China's autonomous vehicle policy has developed from the release of Made in China 2025 in 2015 to the present by analyzing major central government policy documents, and to derive the characteristics of such policies, the principles underlying their formulation and implementation, and implications for Korea. The analysis shows that China has positioned autonomous vehicles not merely as an object of industrial promotion, but as a core policy area linked to scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening (自立自强), national strategy, and even national security. In terms of policy implementation, China initially adopted a gradual approach that cautiously explored the feasibility of autonomous driving. However, once a strategic direction was established, it began to accelerate commercialization and rapidly promote related policies. In addition, a central-local division of roles — in which the central government presents the basic direction and institutional framework while local governments take charge of demonstration and application — as well as flexible responses through sub-regulatory policy instruments, were also identified as key characteristics. China's experience suggests that Korea should not limit its autonomous vehicle policy to support for technology development or permission for pilot operation. Rather, Korea needs to design a more detailed institutional pathway connecting demonstration projects to commercialization. It is also necessary to expand the institutional room for local governments to actively design and operate demonstration projects by reflecting regional traffic environments, industrial bases, and other local conditions. At the same time, the Chinese case also serves as a cautionary tale: if responses to employment issues and social conflicts lag behind the rapid promotion of commercialization, such conflicts may emerge belatedly and weaken the momentum of policy implementation.

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This study examines the development of the legal framework and the quality-certification standardization system for elderly care institutions (养老机构) in China amid rapid demographic change, and reconceptualizes quality certification as a dual governance mechanism that functions both as an instrument of administrative regulation and as a market signal. It characterizes China's quality-certification system for elderly care institutions as a soft-law-based quality governance model, understood as a system in which Meta-governance and Market Signaling Theory are integrated. To resolve the disparities in service quality and the information asymmetry generated by the rapid quantitative expansion of the silver economy, China has established a three-tier national standard (GB/T) system. These standards comprise the Basic Specification for Service Quality (GB/T 35796-2017), the Grade Evaluation Standard (GB/T 37276-2018), and the Brand Value Evaluation Standard (GB/T 45491-2025); by adopting international standards (ISO), the system is evolving toward an internationalized and market-oriented model of quality governance. An empirical analysis combining the evaluation grades, occupancy rates, and average monthly fees of elderly care institutions in Shanghai confirms that the grade evaluation system functions not merely as an administrative management tool but as a credible market signal. The grading regime forms a multi-layered supervisory system in combination with routine monitoring and credit evaluation: the five-star grade represents the top 2% and grades of four stars and above the top 10%, forming a quality hierarchy while private-sector participation expands. The occupancy rate, as a component of the grading criteria, functions as a quality signal; although a positive correlation between grade and average monthly fee was observed, it was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that, rather than directly determining market prices, grades operate as a market signaling mechanism that demonstrates market viability through high occupancy rates. Through minimum baseline norms and market mechanisms, China's quality-certification standardization system encourages the participation of diverse private capital and contributes to improving the overall quality of the elderly care industry.

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This study aims to reinterpret the Shanghai Coffin Depository Crisis (1947–1949) through the lenses of sanitary discourse and subalternity. While existing research has characterized the crisis in terms of failed refugee relief, conflict between the state and the urban poor, or the Kuomintang government's governance dilemmas, it has failed to adequately explain why the conflict erupted specifically within the space of the coffin depository or how the media and administrative authorities represented the refugees. In particular, there has been a lack of analysis regarding the process by which the refugees' demands for survival were reframed as issues of hygiene and public order. By examining newspaper reports and administrative documents related to the crisis, this study reveals that the Shanghai Coffin Depository Crisis was not merely a refugee crisis but an event that demonstrated how sanitary discourse produces and excludes the Other within the city. In doing so, it establishes that sanitary discourse in the modern city functioned as a mechanism for social exclusion and boundary-making. The analysis reveals that, although the refugees transformed the coffin depository into a space for survival, the media and administrative authorities reframed the situation as a matter of hygiene and order, thereby stigmatizing the refugees as a dangerous group and subjecting them to control. Ultimately, the refugees were portrayed as subalterns—present within the city yet unrecognized—thereby revealing how boundary-making power operated in Shanghai as a gateway city.

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This study aims to examine the relationship between Chinese museums and intangible cultural heritage (ICH) from both cultural and industrial perspectives, with a particular focus on identifying the conditions for the sustainable development of museums through the cultural and creative industry and the intellectual property (IP) value chain. As a living cultural system continuously practiced and transmitted within local communities, intangible cultural heritage cannot be adequately represented solely through the conventional museum functions centered on the collection and preservation of tangible artifacts. Accordingly, this study systematically explores the value and characteristics of ICH, the symbiotic relationship between museums and ICH, the formation of cultural and creative products, and the role of the IP value chain in promoting sustainable museum development. The findings reveal that museums function as public cultural platforms that document and transmit the cultural context of ICH while integrating exhibitions, education, and community participation. In turn, ICH enriches museums by providing cultural depth and vitality, thereby establishing a mutually complementary relationship. In particular, ICH-based cultural and creative products reinterpret traditional craftsmanship, patterns, symbolic systems, and local cultural elements through contemporary design and industrial mechanisms, serving as an effective medium that bridges the public mission and market functions of museums. This process of cultural integration extends beyond exhibition spaces to regional branding, urban cultural policies, and the digital content industry, thereby generating new cultural and economic value. Furthermore, the study confirms that systematically organizing museum cultural resources as intellectual property and connecting them through an integrated value chain—including rights establishment, content development, value creation, brand expansion, market commercialization, and digital distribution—constitutes a fundamental basis for the sustainable development of the cultural and creative industry. However, sustainable development requires respect for the authenticity and cultural context of ICH, active participation of inheritors and local communities, and the institutionalization of collaborative mechanisms concerning intellectual property rights, benefit-sharing, and quality management. Ultimately, the integrated development of Chinese museums and intangible cultural heritage should be understood as a comprehensive management framework that reconciles tradition and modernity, preservation and utilization, and public value and industrial development. This framework provides both a theoretical foundation and practical implications for the high-quality development of Chinese museums and the long-term sustainability of the cultural and creative industry.

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By the end of 2023, the elderly population aged 60 and above in China will reach 297 million, accounting for 21.1% of the total population, officially entering a moderately aging society. China has the overlapping characteristics of “aging before wealth, empty nest with fewer children, and urban-rural binary differentiation”. The traditional elderly care model separates medical and care resources and cannot meet the integrated elderly care needs of the elderly. The integration of medical care and elderly care is a localized solution for China to cope with population aging. Currently, four standardized formats have been developed, becoming the core carrier of elderly service supply. However, this industry has long relied on policy-driven development and lacks high-level specialized legislation. There are systemic legal risks to multiple core rights and interests of the elderly. Firstly, there is a lack of unified specialized legislation, and the existing norms are not well connected, with multiple links lacking unified legal standards; Secondly, there is a lack of clear regulatory responsibilities among multiple departments, resulting in duplicate supervision and a regulatory vacuum, and a lack of a comprehensive protection and supervision mechanism for elderly health information throughout the entire process; Thirdly, the rules for dividing liability for mixed infringement are unclear, the dispute resolution process is complex, and the cost of safeguarding rights is high; Fourthly, the liability insurance of elderly care institutions is only an encouraging regulation and lacks a mandatory risk protection mechanism, making it difficult for victimized elderly people to receive full compensation. In response to the above issues, based on the national guarantee obligation established by the Constitution and the theory of healthy aging, in order to achieve the long-term rule of law construction of Chinese style healthy aging, a closed-loop guarantee mechanism can be constructed from the four dimensions of “legislation regulation risk protection judicial relief”, and specific plans such as enacting special laws, establishing compulsory liability insurance, building joint supervision platforms, and improving rights protection channels can be formulated to form a rule of law pattern with complete systems, clear rights and responsibilities, and effective remedies, effectively protecting the rights and interests of elderly people in medical care and elderly care from infringement. This article comprehensively uses three research methods: firstly, normative analysis method, which systematically sorts out the relevant norms related to the integration of medical care and elderly care in the current constitution, laws, administrative regulations, and departmental rules, identifies obstacles to normative connection and the lack of statutory standards; Secondly, comparative research method is used to examine the legislative experience of foreign countries such as Japan's mediation insurance law system, Germany's long-term care insurance legislation, and the UK's comprehensive medical care legal framework, providing comparative legal references for specialized legislation in China; Thirdly, empirical research and case analysis methods will be used to collect and analyze typical judicial cases in the field of medical and elderly care integration in recent years, summarize the judicial differences and legal application difficulties in determining mixed tort liability, and evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of current policy driven approaches based on operational data from local medical and elderly care integration pilot projects. Based on the constitutional obligation of state protection and the theory of healthy aging, this article first defines the integration of medical care and elderly care as a fundamental elderly care service system with the core of safeguarding the health rights of the elderly from a legal perspective, and reconstructs the legal classification framework of four types of business formats. On this basis, a closed-loop guarantee mechanism is constructed from four dimensions: the legislative dimension promotes the promulgation of the “Medical Elderly Care Integration Service Law” as a high-level specialized legislation, the regulatory dimension builds a unified joint supervision platform and establishes a full process protection mechanism for health information, the risk bottom dimension establishes a mandatory liability insurance system for institutions, and the judicial relief dimension unifies the judgment rules for difficult scenarios such as mixed infringement through guiding cases and special judgment minutes. Through the above-mentioned four-dimensional collaboration, a rule of law pattern with complete systems, clear rights and responsibilities, and effective remedies will be formed, providing systematic protection for the rights and interests of elderly people in the combination of medical care and elderly care.

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