The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on absorptive capacity, innovative behavior and management performance of Chinese Small and Medium sized Enterprises. For this purpose, a research model and hypotheses are developed based on the relevant literature reviews. Data have been collected from CEOs of Chinese small and medium sized manafacturing enterprises and the empirical findings were tested by structural equation modeling analysis. The empirical findings are as follows. First, entrepreneurial orientation has not a positive effect on management performance, but a positive effect on absorptive capacity and innovative behavior. Second, absorptive capacity has a positive effect on innovative behavior. Third, absorptive capacity and innovative behavior have a positive effect on management performance respectively. Finally, absorptive capacity and innovative behavior have a simple and double mediating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and management performance. Based on the results, this study presents a few significant implications for the exercise of desirable entrepreneurial orientation of CEOs to improve the management performance of Chinese SMEs.

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The industrial structure has different results reflected in economic growth depending on the requirements for specialization or diversity. This study was a traditional heavy and chemical industrial area, but in order to escape the aging image, the effect of the change in the industrial structure of the region on economic growth was confirmed for the three northeastern provinces, which are currently implementing the New Northeast Promotion Policy. Chinese statistical data from 2003 to 2018 were used, and a fixed-effects model was adopted through Hausmann's test and used as a model for the study. The variable related to industrial structure diversity, which is the main explanatory variable, was used by calculating the entropy index, and the control variable was constructed in consideration of the neoclassical growth theory and the endogenous growth theory. As a result, the effect of industrial structure diversity on economic growth was negative in all units of the three northeastern provinces, and the level of statistical significance was low. The bottom three adults, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, produced statistically insignificant results. These results indicate that rather than policies pursuing industrial diversity in the three northeastern provinces, policies related to improving efficiency and high value-added for specific industries should be implemented.

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This study aims to explore the convergence technology and support policies of China's smart elderly care according to the development of ICT over the past 15 years and to derive future research topics and directions. CNKI, a Chinese DB platform, collected 6,346 academic papers related to smart elderly care under the condition that they included ‘Smart’ and ‘Elderly care’ in the abstract. The keywords collected from these papers were refined, resulting in 1,970 keywords for Period 1, 3,707 for Period 2, and 4,831 for Period 3. Among them, 44, 60, and 69 keywords were ultimately used for analysis. The results of the analysis using UCINET software are as follows. First, in terms of technology application, research on ‘AI’, ‘Robots’ and 'Metaverse’ will be actively conducted over the next five years, supported by policy guidelines. In particular, case studies on elderly care robots will be added. Second, in terms of policy support, the government-led fostering of the ‘Silver economy’ and ‘Smart elderly care’ is an approach to solving the aging society through technology, which will secure technological competitiveness in the global market in the future. Third, in terms of core topics, it is necessary to pay attention to the ‘Time Bank’ and ‘Virtual Elderly Care Facility’ platform. These are sustainable models centered on smart home care that can solve social problems such as high Elderly care costs, Elderly care burden, and lack of Elderly care resources.

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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent status, structural characteristics, and key policies underpinning China’s foreign direct investment(FDI) and outbound direct investment(ODI). The findings indicate that China’s FDI has shifted from its historical focus on labor-intensive manufacturing and export-oriented processing industries toward high-tech manufacturing, the digital economy, and environmentally friendly and renewable energy sectors. Key features of this transformation include the expansion of foreign enterprises’ reinvestment, the enhancement of institutional trust, and strategic attraction of investment aligned with the reorganization of global supply chains. Meanwhile, China’s ODI has evolved from its initial emphasis on resource-seeking and low-cost production bases to investments in core industries within global value chains, such as electric vehicles and batteries, semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and digital infrastructure, while strengthening a qualitative growth strategy that reflects ESG principles and green transition goals. These trends demonstrate China’s dual strategy of controlling risk while expanding its global influence amid uncertainties stemming from U.S.-China strategic competition, protectionism, and the ongoing restructuring of global supply chains. From a policy perspective, South Korea should respond to China’s industrial transformation and evolving global investment strategies by pursuing cooperation and joint entry in high-tech manufacturing, the digital economy, and green industries, while reinforcing risk management strategies to address international regulatory pressures and technological competition. Furthermore, future research should empirically analyze the industrial and regional performance of China’s FDI and ODI, as well as the impact of global supply chain fluctuations on the Korean economy, in order to develop concrete policy response scenarios.

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In the 21st century, China, a large population, is experiencing a rapid population aging even though it is not an advanced country. While the fertility rate declined sharply, life expectancy increased due to economic growth, and entered an 'aging society' in 2000, entered an 'aging society' in 2021, and is expected to enter an 'super-aged society' in 2030. This is faster than Japan, which had the fastest population aging rate. The rapid aging of the population also slows economic growth potential, but on the other hand, it provides a new opportunity: the silver market. China's silver industry is expected to increase significantly to 20 trillion yuan in 2030 and 100 trillion yuan in 2050. Therefore, understanding the rapid aging of China's population and understanding the unique characteristics of the Chinese silver market, the ‘new generation of elderly', will be a very important task in targeting the Chinese market.

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This study examines the implementation of “One Country, Two Systems,” which aligns closer with “One Party, Two Systems” in practice, regarding the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s interpretation of the traditional civilization discourse. To analyze this issue, the study first uses a case study to investigate the CCP’s governance strategy and Hong Kong people’s perception of China, and second, applies critical discourse analysis to dissect Xi Jinping’s “Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture.” The “One Country, Two Systems” derives its ideological framework from the traditional civilization discourse, characterized by strategic inclusivity. It received high international expectations as a promising unification policy, but it is strategically interpreted to serve the CCP’s power consolidation. As the CCP’s oppressive demand for unity intensifies, the Hong Kong people cling strongly to their distinct identity. However, because Hong Kong people’s resistance does not necessarily reflect hostility against China as a whole, it is worth considering a more inclusive approach for the unification. For the sustainable “One Country, Two Systems,” this study emphasizes the governing logic for an inclusive “one country” rather than an absolute “one party.” This study examines discourses of “Da Yitong(大 一統)” and “Sadaejuui(事大主義),” which are characterized by flexible yet hierarchical orders and inclusion of diverse identities. By reflecting on this historical context, the CCP may expand its interpretation of the traditional civilization discourse to enhance its political legitimacy.

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This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of resilience differences between first-year and final-year students majoring in art education at Chinese vocational colleges. To provide empirical evidence for understanding the psychological changes among students in this educational context, the study adopts a resilience-based model to examine the influence of academic year level on the three dimensions of resilience: self-regulation, interpersonal competence, and positivity.A total of 300 students from three-year vocational art education programs in China participated in a questionnaire survey. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0.The findings are as follows: First, both first-year and final-year students scored above average across all three dimensions of resilience, indicating that the overall level of resilience among vocational art education students is moderate to high. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in the dimensions of self-regulation and interpersonal competence. However, in the dimension of positivity, first-year students scored significantly higher than final-year students, indicating a statistically significant decline in positivity as students approach graduation. This decline may be attributed to increasing academic and life pressures experienced by final-year students, such as job search stress, self-doubt about competence, and the gap between expectations and reality. In contrast, first-year students typically maintain a higher level of optimism due to their anticipation and enthusiasm for university life.Based on these results, it is recommended that special attention be given to supporting final-year students, particularly in the domain of positivity. Institutions should strengthen psychological care for upper-year students and implement support systems that integrate mental health counseling with career planning services to enhance students' overall psychological resilience and adaptive capacity in the final phase of their college experience.

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This paper aims to analyze the political contributions and limitations of the Chinese Trotskyism movement, which reached its heyday in the 1930s-1940s. This paper begins with a critical review of previous studies on the Chinese Trotskyism movement, which analyzes the writings of Tang Baorin and Liu Pingmei, as well as the writings of Chen Duxiu, Wang Fanxi, Zheng Chaorin, and Peng Shuzhi, who were key figures in the Chinese Trotskyism movement, as primary data. However, due to China's hostile attitude toward Chinese Trotskyism in the birth of the New China government, there is little research in Chinese academia on Chinese Trotskyism. Following a brief description of the history of the Chinese Trotskyism movement, the contributions and weakness of the Chinese Trotskyism movement are examined in three issues: the view of the political situation after the 1927 National Revolution, the subject of the revolution, and the nature of the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War. Finally, in the 1930s and 1940s, the Chinese Trotskyist organization attempted to present a political alternative compared to the political activities of the Chinese Communist Party, but failed to identify the reason from the political weakness of Chinese Trotskyism, not external factors. In particular, China's Trotskyist organization presented a wrong formalization for the New Chinese government, and because of this, it was not possible to extend its political life even after moving to Hong Kong. Although the Trotskyist movement disappeared from China, the point that the New China government will control and suppress workers and farmers due to pressure at home and abroad is an insight into today's Chinese society.

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Based on stratified random sampling survey data from 7,093 graduates of the class of 2023 across 138 Chinese universities, this study systematically analyzes the employment difficulties faced by graduates with employment challenges and their influencing factors using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. The findings reveal that gender, level of education, institutional ranking, family economic status, and human capital significantly impact graduate employment rates. Social capital and university career guidance positively facilitate employment for disadvantaged groups, whereas structural contradictions and imperfections in the market mechanism exacerbate employment difficulties. Building upon the "four-in-one" collaborative governance framework and considering the employment influencing factors, this study proposes countermeasures including government-led policy safeguards, enterprises deepening university-industry collaboration, universities strengthening career education and guidance, and students enhancing multi-dimensional capital. The aim is to provide theoretical and practical references for addressing the employment challenges of university graduates.

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With the advancement of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, corporate data has emerged as a key factor of production in the digital economy era. This study analyzes the limitations of China’s current legal framework for the protection of corporate data, based on its four inherent characteristics: intangibility, non-rivalry, non-excludability, and non-consumability, and proposes potential legal and institutional improvements. The main legal challenges in protecting corporate data within the Chinese legal system are as follows. First, although Article 127 of the Civil Code designates data as an object of civil rights, it fails to clarify its legal nature. As a result, judicial practice has had to rely heavily on general clauses of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), leading to overextension and legal uncertainty. Second, under the current intellectual property rights (IPR) regime, there exist structural limitations in protecting corporate data. The Copyright Law only extends protection to databases that involve creative selection or arrangement, thereby excluding machine-collected raw data commonly held by enterprises from the scope of protection. Third, the AUCL lacks specific provisions tailored to data-related unfair practices. As a result, most disputes are adjudicated based on general principles, which often results in subjective judicial interpretations. In particular, the criterion of "commercial ethics" is ambiguously defined and inconsistently applied. Moreover, the requirements for trade secret protection under the AUCL—namely, non-publicity and reasonable confidentiality measures—conflict with the inherently non-exclusive and circulatory nature of corporate data, thereby revealing fundamental legal incompatibilities. To address these issues, this study proposes the following legal reforms to enhance corporate data protection in China. First, in terms of entitlement and registration, it is proposed to establish a nationwide blockchain-based data property rights registration platform in accordance with the 2024 Guidelines for Data Asset Registration. Furthermore, drawing from the 2025 Regulations on Government Data Sharing, a three-tiered rights framework— comprising data resource ownership, data processing and usage rights, and data product operation rights—should be introduced to accommodate layered entitlements. Second, in the domain of intellectual property protection, legislative efforts should be made to grant limited exclusive rights to non-original databases. Additionally, statutory exemptions for compulsory licensing should be introduced for purposes of scientific research and public interest. Third, in the realm of regulatory enforcement, the inclusion of a dedicated data-related provision under Article 12(4) of the 2024 Draft Amendment to the AUCL should be supported. This study systematically identifies the structural limitations and underlying causes within China’s current legal regime surrounding corporate data and proposes practical and enforceable countermeasures. Ultimately, it aims to contribute to the development of a China-specific data governance model that enables the balanced protection, circulation, and utilization of data in the digital economy.

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