The Hukou(户口) was introduced to China in 1958 with the implementation of the ‘Hukou Registration Ordinance’. The Hukou is a combination of resident registration system and family register system in Korea. Since then, all Chinese citizens have been divided into agricultural and non-agricultural Hukou, making it impossible to move from their Hukou location to other areas. With the start of the reform and opening policy in 1979, workers from rural areas flowed into the city. Accordingly, a temporary residence system was created in 1985 to allow residents to live in other regions. Since then, reform measures have been taken such as the Green Hukou(1992) and the small town Hukou(1997). In September 2007, Shenzhen issued resident certificates to outsiders and provided public services equivalent to citizens of Shenzhen. In July 2014, a large-scale reform of the Hukou system was made. The existing Hukou system was eliminated and the resident Hukou system was introduced. The resident Hukou meant moving into the city and enjoying all the rights of urban residents. Since then, each Chinese city has adopted the ‘score accumulation resident Hukou system (SARHS)’. The assessments and prospects derived from the SARHS analysis of the three cities of Beijing, Guangzhou and Dalian are as follows. First, looking at the resident Hukou approval rate of major cities, there will be no practical Hukou reform in China. Rather, it is expected to further widen the gap between urban and rural areas, between large cities and medium-sized cities, and between rich and poor cities. Second, looking at the allowable size compared to the urban population, the barrier to entry as the desired urban residents is still high. Third, the central government allowed the establishment of various standards in consideration of the characteristics of each city in the implementation of SARHS.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

This paper focuses on analyzing how the intensifying US-China trade dispute since 2017 has changed the interdependence between the two countries. The analysis targets eight industries with large exports and imports between the US and China, and the analysis period is set from 2010 to 2022, before and after the US-China trade dispute. The empirical analysis was estimated by introducing the Leontief inverse matrix multiplier decomposition of the international industrial input-output model. The analysis results show that the US-China trade dispute has caused a decrease in the US’s dependence on China, while it has caused an increase in China’s dependence on the US. In particular, since 2018, when the US-China trade friction intensified, China’s dependence on the US has increased significantly, resulting in a structural characteristic that greatly induces the production of US industries. This is expected to have a significant impact on the future US-China trade imbalance. In addition, if the US-China trade friction and the resulting competition and confrontation had not occurred since 2017, the US’s dependence on China would have increased further, and the current interdependence between the two countries would have been further strengthened, deepening the industrial and trade linkage structure that induces greater production in the other country.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

Over the last three decades, China has been dependent on investment and exports for economic growth. From mid-1990s, consumption as a share of GDP in China has steadily declined, which is key factor in supporting sustainable and stable economic developments. Since 2008 financial crisis, Chinese government has been pushing toward a consumption-driven growth model and has been boosting domestic demand. The main objective of this study is to analyze household income and consumption growth and consumption structure under the consumption-led growth strategy. First, it examines China’s consumption rate and the changes in economic growth and household income and consumption growth. China’s household final consumption expenditure accounted under 40% of its GDP from mid-2000, compared with around 70% in United States. In China, urban and rural residents’ per capita disposable income and consumption expenditure has been increasing as economic growth. The high APC(average propensity to consume) in rural area suggests that income growth will have a positive effect on consumption. This study uses data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) survey data to estimate Chinese urban household consumption structure in 2010 and 2020, relying on QUAIDS(Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) model with demographics. The empirical results show that expenditure on transportation, education and housing have been increasing and consumption structure varies across households, with demographic variables such as age of household. Also, the empirical findings indicate that the burden of medical care for elderly household are particularly heavy. Therefore, the fiscal expansion would lead to increases in household consumption in China.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

This article focuses on the strategies of the Trump and Biden administrations in the field of artificial intelligence, exploring the paths and advocacy demands for China and South Korea to participate in global governance of artificial intelligence. Both the Trump and Biden administrations in the United States have emphasized the need for the United States to gain leadership in the field of artificial intelligence, and in order to do so, they will strengthen cooperation with American allies. Both China and South Korea support the construction of global governance for artificial intelligence under the framework of the United Nations, and both have their own countries participating in and leading the global governance mechanism for artificial intelligence. South Korea has leveraged its diplomacy as a central axis country, hosting the Artificial Intelligence Security Summit and the Governance Conference on Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field through bilateral cooperation with European countries. Although both China and South Korea have formulated global governance initiatives for artificial intelligence, they have not signed each other’s initiative documents. There is currently no relevant dialogue mechanism between the two countries. But there are intersections at the level of third-party cooperation.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the rural revitalization development levels and the degree of coupling and coordinated development across eight counties and cities in the Yanbian area, set against the backdrop of the rural revitalization strategy. The foundational elements for rural revitalization are stronger in the northwest and central regions of Yanbian, followed by the eastern region, while the southern region exhibits a relatively weaker foundation. The types of agglomeration related to rural revitalization and development levels are characterized as high-high and low-high, primarily concentrated in Wangqing and Antu. The level of coupling development for rural revitalization in the Yanbian area is comparatively high, with coordinated development displaying a distribution pattern that is elevated in the north and diminished in the south. Notably, the areas of coupling and coordinated agglomeration are primarily located in Wangqing.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

The National Cultural Park is a national cultural project in China, a type of park proposed by China that differentiates it from other countries in the world and represents the cultural identity of the nation. The research and construction of the National Cultural Park is an important national project led by the government. Currently, the National Cultural Parks in China include the Great Wall National Cultural Park, the Long March National Cultural Park, the Grand Canal National Cultural Park, the Yellow River National Cultural Park, and the Yangtze River National Cultural Park. Among these five National Cultural Parks, the Great Wall National Cultural Park has the longest time span from concept to implementation, and its development is relatively mature. In recent years, academic achievements in this area have been particularly prominent. It is urgent to conduct targeted and systematic organization and summary of these achievements to provide reference and guidance for the construction and research of the Great Wall National Cultural Park and other National Cultural Parks. This study first introduces relevant concepts and theories, including the Great Wall and its culture, the concept and connotation of National Cultural Parks, and the Great Wall National Cultural Park. Then, using methods such as literature review, analysis, and inductive summarization, the study organizes relevant literature on the Great Wall National Cultural Park and categorizes it into four groups: “Theoretical Positioning and Cultural Connotation Research,” “Cultural and Tourism Integration Development Research,” “Practical Construction Research,” and “Management Mechanism and Other Research.” Among these, the “Practical Construction Research” is the key focus. This literature is further organized and analyzed, and subdivided into three aspects: “Multi-Angle Construction Research,” “Landscape Construction Research,” and “Digital Construction Research,” which are analyzed and summarized scientifically and discussed in detail, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for further research and construction of the Great Wall National Cultural Park. Additionally, the study analyzes and summarizes the concepts and construction situations of European cultural routes and American heritage corridors, explaining the similarities and differences between them and the National Cultural Parks, and summarizing valuable experiences that can be referenced. Finally, the study concludes with four key points: the theoretical positioning of National Cultural Parks is clear, making them an inevitable choice for cultural heritage protection and display; the construction of the Great Wall National Cultural Park deepens the integration of culture and tourism; the research on the construction of the Great Wall National Cultural Park shows a multi-perspective, multi-disciplinary trend; research on the management, legislation, and economics of the Great Wall National Cultural Park needs to be further deepened. The study also provides prospects for future construction and development. Based on the characteristics of the Great Wall National Cultural Park, the study suggests creating regional cultural spaces, establishing a collaborative management model, and further promoting multi-disciplinary research and construction approaches. The research on the construction of the Great Wall National Cultural Park is a long-term, dynamic endeavor that requires timely organization, summarization of experiences, and guidance for future research directions, providing intellectual support for the construction of the Great Wall National Cultural Park and other National Cultural Parks.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, which is a long and complicated evolutionary process. In the international landscape of strategic competition between China and the United States, the United States has weakened Russia’s overall strength through the Russia-Ukraine war. Moreover, through the Israel-Iran conflict and the Syrian civil war, it has cut off Iran’s “Axis of Resistance”, leaving Iran in a passive position where it can hardly take care of itself in the Middle East game. In East Asia, the United States hopes to establish a “mini-NATO in Asia” based on the quasi-alliance relationship among South Korea, the United States and Japan by strengthening its relations with South Korea and Japan, so as to confront China. With the initial formation of the confrontation framework between the trilateral relationship group among China, the DPRK and Russia in the north and the southern triangular group, a pattern of bloc confrontation with clear “Cold War” characteristics has emerged again on the Korean Peninsula. On June 19, 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin and DPRK Chairman Kim Jong Un signed the Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Cooperation in Pyongyang. The strengthening of the DPRK-Russia relationship has disrupted the original balance of power in the region between the “nuclear-armed DPRK” and “South Korea with modern conventional military forces and the United States providing extended deterrence”. This has enabled the DPRK to gain a “short-term relative advantage” in its confrontation with South Korea. And the DPRK, which has gained a temporary advantage, is more confident, bolder and more radical in the north-south game with South Korea (or the ROK-US-Japan group). This will undoubtedly increase the risk of accidental clashes on the Korean Peninsula and push the Korean Peninsula and even Northeast Asia to the brink of war. China’s stance on the issue of the Korean Peninsula has always been to adhere to the denuclearization of the Peninsula, to uphold peace and stability on the Peninsula, and to advocate resolving the Peninsula issue through dialogue and consultation. While the development of China-DPRK relations helps maintain peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula, it also faces some differences in opinions. The DPRK believes that an appropriate level of tension on the Peninsula is conducive to obtaining a larger international living space for itself, but this goes against China’s national security need to maintain peace and stability on the Peninsula. Against the backdrop of the strategic competition between China and the United States, the DPRK, as China’s strategic asset, is unlikely to be abandoned by China in the short term. Therefore, currently, China and the DPRK present a contradictory relationship where “cooperation” and “disagreements” coexist.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

This study aims to analyze the causes of rising economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in China and its empirical impacts. Existing research tends to focus on the relationship between EPU fluctuations and specific indicators, with relatively few studies exploring the structural causes of EPU. In response, this study examines the challenges faced by China following its period of quantitative growth and suggests that the unique characteristics of China’s socialist market economy, combined with intensified U.S. containment efforts, are key drivers of increasing EPU. Furthermore, this study employs EPU_BBD (Baker et al., 2016) and EPU_HL (Huang and Luk, 2020) indices to analyze the impact of EPU on consumption, investment, and shortand long-term government bond yields through impulse response analysis. The results indicate that EPU_BBD has a statistically significant negative effect on consumption, investment, and long-term bond yields, while EPU_HL only exhibits a significant initial negative effect on long-term bond yields. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of China’s economy during periods of heightened EPU, contributing to a better understanding of the implications and strategies for addressing economic challenges.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel

This study analyzes the adverse effects of economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk shocks on the economy, dividing them into short-term and long-term impacts. The hypothesis is that, in addition to the short-term effects, China's structural characteristics and vulnerabilities will lead to significant long-term impacts. Empirical analysis supports this hypothesis, indicating that shocks from economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk have a statistically significant effect on private consumption in both the short and long run, with a more pronounced negative impact in the long run. Regarding inflation, economic policy uncertainty has a statistically significant effect only in specific short-term instances, while both economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk exhibit statistically significant effects on long-term inflation. The lack of short-term statistical significance for inflation may be attributed to the Chinese government's market interventions, which tend to stabilize prices in the short run. The finding that uncertainty shocks have a statistically significant negative impact on China's long-term consumption and inflation suggests the potential for these shocks to contribute to structural issues within the Chinese economy.

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Scholar's Aid
• BibTeX

Export Citation Cancel