This study analyzes U.S.–China strategic competition through semiconductors and rare earths, demonstrating that these strategic resources differ fundamentally in their constraint mechanisms and temporal effects within the international political economy. While previous research often employs unified frameworks like technological hegemony, this study highlights the asymmetric pathways through which these resources constrain state behavior. Drawing on global value chain (GVC) and weaponized interdependence theories, the study conceptualizes these sectors as asymmetric strategic resources. Semiconductors function as a technology-pathway– constraining resource, imposing cumulative, long-term limitations on a state’s capacity to accumulate frontier technological capabilities. Conversely, rare earths operate as a productionpathway– constraining resource, where bottlenecks in intermediate processing (refining, magnet manufacturing) generate immediate but mitigable short-term disruptions. Ultimately, the study interprets U.S.–China relations as a “managed competition” where asymmetric pathway constraints are selectively combined and adjusted.

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This study examines Korea–China trade competition from a Red Queen perspective, which emphasizes continuous adaptation to maintain a relative position as competitors evolve. Using general import data from the USITC DataWeb, it compares U.S. import market shares by country of origin across major manufacturing products over 1990–2025, subject to the availability of consistent product classifications. Product-level patterns are classified using three operational criteria: competitive pressure, measured by changes in China’s share and the Korea–China share gap; adaptation and changes in supply routes, identified from firm-level information on production locations; and the relative outcome following adaptation. In auto parts, Korea’s share increased, but China’s faster expansion intensified relative pressure. Korea maintained or strengthened its position in passenger cars, synthetic resins, and machine tools, while construction machinery exhibited limited late catch-up by China under continued Korean predominance. In mobile phones, the decline in Korea-origin imports coincided with rising shares for Vietnam and India, and firm-level evidence confirms that a major Korean firm operates large production bases in these countries. In batteries, the expansion of U.S. direct imports from China coexisted with the expansion of Korean firms’ U.S. production bases. However, the available data do not identify the exact share supplied by Korean firms through third-country exports or U.S. local production. Integrated circuits and computers displayed changes in supply structure that cannot be explained by bilateral market shares alone. The results show that Red Queen competition does not occur with equal intensity across products; rather, it takes asymmetric forms ranging from relative pressure and supply-route adaptation to persistent Korean advantage and broader supply-structure change. This study contributes by applying the Red Queen perspective to trade competition between countries and by distinguishing country-of-origin supply positions from firms’ global market access. Because the analysis is limited to the U.S. import market and origin-based data, further research should combine evidence from other third markets with firm-level production, investment, and value-added trade data.

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This study attempted to understand through empirical analysis how leader humility affects psychological ownership, knowledge sharing, and personal creativity for workers working in Chinese service companies. The relationship between research concepts was hypothesized based on previous studies, and all hypotheses established by conducting a survey from 375 workers at Chinese service companies located in Beijing and Shanghai, China were verified. The main research results revealed as a result of the empirical analysis are summarized and summarized as follows. First, leader humility was found to have a significant positive effect on psychological ownership and knowledge sharing but did not have a significant impact on personal creativity. Second, psychological ownership was found to have a significant positive effect on both knowledge sharing and personal creativity, while knowledge sharing also had a significant positive effect on personal creativity. Finally, in the relationship between leader humility and personal creativity, psychological ownership and knowledge sharing were found to play simple and dual mediating roles, respectively. Based on the above research results, this study presents several meaningful implications for HRD managers of Chinese service companies for successful organizational operation and demonstrating desirable leadership behavior for human resource management.

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The purpose of this study is to compare youth entrepreneurship in South Korea and China across four dimensions-startup trends, entrepreneurial perceptions, government support policies, and unicorn growth pathways-and to derive policy implications, for the sustainable development of both countries’ youth startup ecosystems. Methodologically, this study conducts an exploratory comparative case study based on official government statistics and policy documents from both countries, internationally recognized unicorn data (CB Insights, the Zhongguancun Forum), and prior literature, covering mainly the period from 2020 to 2024. The main findings are as follows. First, in terms of startup trends, entrepreneurs undet 30 account for only about 14% of Korea’s roughly 1.24 million new businesses per tear (2023), with over 94% of youth startup concentrated in service and retail sectors, whereas China records approximately 8.68 million new startups annually (2022) with a shift toward high value-added fields such as AI and e-commerce; the gap in unicorn counts (25 versus 369) reflects this accumulated structural difference. Second, in terms of support policies, Korea relies on a centrally administered, selection-based direct package support system, while China pursues a multi-actor, eligibility-based universal approach centered on ecosystem infrastructure (Zhongchuang kongjian/mass makerspaces), tax incentives, and startup subsidies; the former is institutionally refined but limited in scale and continuity, whereas the latter is large in scale but faces bubble formation and quality-control challenges. Third, in terms of perceptions, both countries show a strong preference for stable employment, with Korea constrained by the social stigma of business failure and China by the spread of the ‘tang ping’ culture. Based on these findings, this study recommends expanding technology-based entrepreneurship, fostering a failure-tolerant culture with institutional safety nets for re-challenge, strengthening private-sector-led support, and pursuing global orientation from the founding stage as shared policy imperatives for both countries.

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Generative AI has attracted significant attention recently. It is currently being widely applied across various fields, including culture and the arts, education, and medicine. In the field of art therapy—generative AI is increasingly used to recognize and analyze users’ drawings, based on this analysis, generate psychological assessment reports in textual form. Accordingly, the methods and forms of art therapy involving AI are also undergoing gradual transformation. This study takes China’s “Anxin AI” drawing-based psychological assessment system as its subject, analyzing its structure and operational process in order to derive an intervention model for generative AI in art therapy. The results indicate that the system’s AI intervention model can be summarized into three stages: “image recognition → data analysis → feedback generation.” In addition, to address the limitations of existing models, this study proposes a new intervention model that incorporates an interaction stage as well as a “guided drawing” stage aimed at therapeutic purposes. Meanwhile, this study identifies the limitations and future tasks of AI-based art therapy as follows. First, as an exploratory study relying on a single case and one drawing, it has limitations in statistical reliability and clinical validity, necessitating future empirical verification through large-scale Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT). Second, from an AI ethics perspective, establishing a ‘Human-in-the-Loop’ principle to prevent algorithmic bias and clearly defining legal accountability for analytical results are strongly required. Third, specific data governance and legal/institutional frameworks tailored for psychological services handling sensitive information must be comprehensively established.

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This study aims to examine how China's autonomous vehicle policy has developed from the release of Made in China 2025 in 2015 to the present by analyzing major central government policy documents, and to derive the characteristics of such policies, the principles underlying their formulation and implementation, and implications for Korea. The analysis shows that China has positioned autonomous vehicles not merely as an object of industrial promotion, but as a core policy area linked to scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening (自立自强), national strategy, and even national security. In terms of policy implementation, China initially adopted a gradual approach that cautiously explored the feasibility of autonomous driving. However, once a strategic direction was established, it began to accelerate commercialization and rapidly promote related policies. In addition, a central-local division of roles — in which the central government presents the basic direction and institutional framework while local governments take charge of demonstration and application — as well as flexible responses through sub-regulatory policy instruments, were also identified as key characteristics. China's experience suggests that Korea should not limit its autonomous vehicle policy to support for technology development or permission for pilot operation. Rather, Korea needs to design a more detailed institutional pathway connecting demonstration projects to commercialization. It is also necessary to expand the institutional room for local governments to actively design and operate demonstration projects by reflecting regional traffic environments, industrial bases, and other local conditions. At the same time, the Chinese case also serves as a cautionary tale: if responses to employment issues and social conflicts lag behind the rapid promotion of commercialization, such conflicts may emerge belatedly and weaken the momentum of policy implementation.

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This study examines the development of the legal framework and the quality-certification standardization system for elderly care institutions (养老机构) in China amid rapid demographic change, and reconceptualizes quality certification as a dual governance mechanism that functions both as an instrument of administrative regulation and as a market signal. It characterizes China's quality-certification system for elderly care institutions as a soft-law-based quality governance model, understood as a system in which Meta-governance and Market Signaling Theory are integrated. To resolve the disparities in service quality and the information asymmetry generated by the rapid quantitative expansion of the silver economy, China has established a three-tier national standard (GB/T) system. These standards comprise the Basic Specification for Service Quality (GB/T 35796-2017), the Grade Evaluation Standard (GB/T 37276-2018), and the Brand Value Evaluation Standard (GB/T 45491-2025); by adopting international standards (ISO), the system is evolving toward an internationalized and market-oriented model of quality governance. An empirical analysis combining the evaluation grades, occupancy rates, and average monthly fees of elderly care institutions in Shanghai confirms that the grade evaluation system functions not merely as an administrative management tool but as a credible market signal. The grading regime forms a multi-layered supervisory system in combination with routine monitoring and credit evaluation: the five-star grade represents the top 2% and grades of four stars and above the top 10%, forming a quality hierarchy while private-sector participation expands. The occupancy rate, as a component of the grading criteria, functions as a quality signal; although a positive correlation between grade and average monthly fee was observed, it was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that, rather than directly determining market prices, grades operate as a market signaling mechanism that demonstrates market viability through high occupancy rates. Through minimum baseline norms and market mechanisms, China's quality-certification standardization system encourages the participation of diverse private capital and contributes to improving the overall quality of the elderly care industry.

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This study aims to reinterpret the Shanghai Coffin Depository Crisis (1947–1949) through the lenses of sanitary discourse and subalternity. While existing research has characterized the crisis in terms of failed refugee relief, conflict between the state and the urban poor, or the Kuomintang government's governance dilemmas, it has failed to adequately explain why the conflict erupted specifically within the space of the coffin depository or how the media and administrative authorities represented the refugees. In particular, there has been a lack of analysis regarding the process by which the refugees' demands for survival were reframed as issues of hygiene and public order. By examining newspaper reports and administrative documents related to the crisis, this study reveals that the Shanghai Coffin Depository Crisis was not merely a refugee crisis but an event that demonstrated how sanitary discourse produces and excludes the Other within the city. In doing so, it establishes that sanitary discourse in the modern city functioned as a mechanism for social exclusion and boundary-making. The analysis reveals that, although the refugees transformed the coffin depository into a space for survival, the media and administrative authorities reframed the situation as a matter of hygiene and order, thereby stigmatizing the refugees as a dangerous group and subjecting them to control. Ultimately, the refugees were portrayed as subalterns—present within the city yet unrecognized—thereby revealing how boundary-making power operated in Shanghai as a gateway city.

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This study aims to examine the relationship between Chinese museums and intangible cultural heritage (ICH) from both cultural and industrial perspectives, with a particular focus on identifying the conditions for the sustainable development of museums through the cultural and creative industry and the intellectual property (IP) value chain. As a living cultural system continuously practiced and transmitted within local communities, intangible cultural heritage cannot be adequately represented solely through the conventional museum functions centered on the collection and preservation of tangible artifacts. Accordingly, this study systematically explores the value and characteristics of ICH, the symbiotic relationship between museums and ICH, the formation of cultural and creative products, and the role of the IP value chain in promoting sustainable museum development. The findings reveal that museums function as public cultural platforms that document and transmit the cultural context of ICH while integrating exhibitions, education, and community participation. In turn, ICH enriches museums by providing cultural depth and vitality, thereby establishing a mutually complementary relationship. In particular, ICH-based cultural and creative products reinterpret traditional craftsmanship, patterns, symbolic systems, and local cultural elements through contemporary design and industrial mechanisms, serving as an effective medium that bridges the public mission and market functions of museums. This process of cultural integration extends beyond exhibition spaces to regional branding, urban cultural policies, and the digital content industry, thereby generating new cultural and economic value. Furthermore, the study confirms that systematically organizing museum cultural resources as intellectual property and connecting them through an integrated value chain—including rights establishment, content development, value creation, brand expansion, market commercialization, and digital distribution—constitutes a fundamental basis for the sustainable development of the cultural and creative industry. However, sustainable development requires respect for the authenticity and cultural context of ICH, active participation of inheritors and local communities, and the institutionalization of collaborative mechanisms concerning intellectual property rights, benefit-sharing, and quality management. Ultimately, the integrated development of Chinese museums and intangible cultural heritage should be understood as a comprehensive management framework that reconciles tradition and modernity, preservation and utilization, and public value and industrial development. This framework provides both a theoretical foundation and practical implications for the high-quality development of Chinese museums and the long-term sustainability of the cultural and creative industry.

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By the end of 2023, the elderly population aged 60 and above in China will reach 297 million, accounting for 21.1% of the total population, officially entering a moderately aging society. China has the overlapping characteristics of “aging before wealth, empty nest with fewer children, and urban-rural binary differentiation”. The traditional elderly care model separates medical and care resources and cannot meet the integrated elderly care needs of the elderly. The integration of medical care and elderly care is a localized solution for China to cope with population aging. Currently, four standardized formats have been developed, becoming the core carrier of elderly service supply. However, this industry has long relied on policy-driven development and lacks high-level specialized legislation. There are systemic legal risks to multiple core rights and interests of the elderly. Firstly, there is a lack of unified specialized legislation, and the existing norms are not well connected, with multiple links lacking unified legal standards; Secondly, there is a lack of clear regulatory responsibilities among multiple departments, resulting in duplicate supervision and a regulatory vacuum, and a lack of a comprehensive protection and supervision mechanism for elderly health information throughout the entire process; Thirdly, the rules for dividing liability for mixed infringement are unclear, the dispute resolution process is complex, and the cost of safeguarding rights is high; Fourthly, the liability insurance of elderly care institutions is only an encouraging regulation and lacks a mandatory risk protection mechanism, making it difficult for victimized elderly people to receive full compensation. In response to the above issues, based on the national guarantee obligation established by the Constitution and the theory of healthy aging, in order to achieve the long-term rule of law construction of Chinese style healthy aging, a closed-loop guarantee mechanism can be constructed from the four dimensions of “legislation regulation risk protection judicial relief”, and specific plans such as enacting special laws, establishing compulsory liability insurance, building joint supervision platforms, and improving rights protection channels can be formulated to form a rule of law pattern with complete systems, clear rights and responsibilities, and effective remedies, effectively protecting the rights and interests of elderly people in medical care and elderly care from infringement. This article comprehensively uses three research methods: firstly, normative analysis method, which systematically sorts out the relevant norms related to the integration of medical care and elderly care in the current constitution, laws, administrative regulations, and departmental rules, identifies obstacles to normative connection and the lack of statutory standards; Secondly, comparative research method is used to examine the legislative experience of foreign countries such as Japan's mediation insurance law system, Germany's long-term care insurance legislation, and the UK's comprehensive medical care legal framework, providing comparative legal references for specialized legislation in China; Thirdly, empirical research and case analysis methods will be used to collect and analyze typical judicial cases in the field of medical and elderly care integration in recent years, summarize the judicial differences and legal application difficulties in determining mixed tort liability, and evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of current policy driven approaches based on operational data from local medical and elderly care integration pilot projects. Based on the constitutional obligation of state protection and the theory of healthy aging, this article first defines the integration of medical care and elderly care as a fundamental elderly care service system with the core of safeguarding the health rights of the elderly from a legal perspective, and reconstructs the legal classification framework of four types of business formats. On this basis, a closed-loop guarantee mechanism is constructed from four dimensions: the legislative dimension promotes the promulgation of the “Medical Elderly Care Integration Service Law” as a high-level specialized legislation, the regulatory dimension builds a unified joint supervision platform and establishes a full process protection mechanism for health information, the risk bottom dimension establishes a mandatory liability insurance system for institutions, and the judicial relief dimension unifies the judgment rules for difficult scenarios such as mixed infringement through guiding cases and special judgment minutes. Through the above-mentioned four-dimensional collaboration, a rule of law pattern with complete systems, clear rights and responsibilities, and effective remedies will be formed, providing systematic protection for the rights and interests of elderly people in the combination of medical care and elderly care.

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The legal issue surrounding the application of digital assets in the division of marital property upon divorce have become increasingly prominent, particularly in relation to asset tracing, valuation, and judicial enforcement. Chinese law has adopted a normative approach characterized by strict regulatory restrictions and limited civil protection with respect to digital assets. At the level of financial regulation, Chinese law denies their monetary status and their function as instruments of financial circulation. At the civil law level, however, Article 127 and Article 1062(5) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China provide a normative basis for recognizing digital assets as property interests capable of falling within the scope of marital community property. Accordingly, the central issue is no longer whether digital assets may constitute objects of property law, but rather how they may be incorporated into procedures of disclosure, identification, valuation, and enforcement. In response, this article argues for a systematic approach built on the existing normative framework. Specifically, it proposes improving the rules governing the disclosure and investigation of digital assets, establishing valuation mechanisms that reflect their distinctive characteristics, and developing preservation and enforcement measures adapted to their modes of control. Comparative experience shows that whether digital assets can truly enter family law proceedings depends on the existence of a complete institutional framework for disclosure, tracing, preservation, valuation, and enforcement. Digital assets have already become an unavoidable new category of property in divorce-related property division. It is therefore necessary, through doctrinal clarification, institutional construction, and procedural refinement, to secure both substantive fairness in the division of marital property and the practical enforceability of judicial decisions in cases involving digital assets.

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As significant cultural carriers of regional historical development and sociocultural evolution, settlement toponyms preserve historical information about the natural environment, population migration, ethnic interactions, and social development in border areas. Particularly in multi-ethnic border regions, toponyms are not merely spatial identification symbols but also crucial materials for revealing changes in social structure, cultural transmission, and the formation of local identity. The Yanbian region, as a typical multi-ethnic border area in Northeast China, has long experienced the migration, development, and interaction of various ethnic groups including Han, Manchu, and Korean, resulting in a toponymic landscape characterized by multilingual and multicultural integration. Taking 2,570 settlement toponyms in the Yanbian region as research subjects, and employing methods such as mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis, this paper explores the formation mechanisms and spatial representations of multi-ethnic social formation in border areas from the perspective of toponymic culture. The findings are as follows:(1) The formation of settlement toponyms in Yanbian exhibits distinct historical stages. Since the Qing Dynasty, through processes of borderland development, population migration, ethnic interactions, and state governance, a multilingual toponymic system comprising Chinese, Korean, and Manchu toponyms gradually emerged and coexisted. This system records the historical processes of different ethnic groups entering the border area, developing the land, and undergoing social integration, reflecting the continuity and complexity of the formation of multi-ethnic society in the border region.(2) The spatial pattern of toponyms reflects the long-term adaptation of settlements to the natural environment. Different ethnic groups have formed differentiated settlement distribution characteristics based on their ecological environments and modes of production. Specifically, Korean settlements are mainly distributed in river valleys and plain areas, adapting to paddy rice farming; Han Chinese settlements are more widely distributed, with a relative concentration in higher-altitude areas, reflecting the influence of dryland farming and resource development activities; Manchu settlement toponyms show a decreasing distribution trend with increasing altitude, mainly concentrated in low-altitude river valleys and gentle terrains, indicating the adaptation of traditional settlements to water systems, forest resources, and diverse natural environments.(3) Toponyms related to production and livelihood, grassroots organizations, resource utilization, and human aspirations record the evolutionary processes of economic development, social governance, and cultural identity, revealing the composite characteristics of the multi-ethnic social formation in the Yanbian border area in terms of economic activities, social organization, and cultural psychology.By systematically examining settlement toponyms in the Yanbian region, this study reveals the formation mechanisms and spatial representations of multi-ethnic social formation in border areas, thereby expanding the research perspective of toponymic culture in serving the historical interpretation of border societies. As spatial and cultural materials that document socio-historical processes, toponyms carry multiple values such as ethnic migration, cultural transmission, and local identity, offering a new cognitive pathway for deepening research on the formation mechanisms of multi-ethnic border societies and for the preservation of regional cultural heritage.

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Research on Chinese overseas expansion has overwhelmingly focused on publicly listed firms, rendering the vast population of non-listed enterprises largely invisible in firm-level analyses despite constituting over 96 percent of firms with overseas operational authorization. Drawing on organizational selection theory and institutional perspectives on state-firm relations, we argue that public procurement embeddedness reflects selection into state-centered capability configurations conducive to overseas development project participation. Procurement participation signals administrative competence, political reliability, and large-scale project execution capacity that enable firms to operate within state-backed bilateral frameworks. Analyzing panel data from 4,367 Chinese non-listed firms over 2013-2017, we find that procurement embeddedness is positively associated with overseas project participation. Critically, this association is driven by between-firm differences rather than within-firm temporal changes, and future procurement predicts current participation, indicating organizational selection rather than causal influence. Procurement embeddedness is associated with persistent participation across years but not with greater project intensity within years, indicating that embedded firms are repeatedly selected rather than assigned expanded project volumes. The procurement-participation association is stronger among state-owned enterprises than non-state firms, revealing complementarity rather than substitution between ownership and transactional embeddedness. We find no evidence that domestic operational uncertainty conditions this association; the corresponding interaction is not statistically significant, and our third hypothesis is not supported. These findings advance international business scholarship by bringing invisible contractors to the center of overseas development analysis, reconceptualizing procurement as an indicator of state-centered capability accumulation, and demonstrating that ownership and procurement function as reinforcing dimensions of state embeddedness.

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This study aims to investigate the impact of trust in green certification and word of mouth (WOM) on the purchase intention of Chinese consumers who have prior experience purchasing green food products. Grounded in Cue Utilization Theory and the Value-Attitude-Behavior (VAB) framework, this study conceptualizes trust in green certification and WOM as extrinsic cues and empirically analyzes the sequential mediating effects of perceived value and attitude. The findings are as follows: First, trust in green certification and WOM have significant positive effects on perceived value (comprising functional, emotional, and social value). Second, perceived value has a significant positive influence on attitude, which in turn significantly affects purchase intention. Third, serial mediation analysis reveals that trust in green certification and WOM significantly influence purchase intention through the sequential mediation of perceived value and attitude. These results suggest that extrinsic cues serve as a structured psychological mechanism through which consumers' cognitive evaluations (perceived value) and attitude formation processes drive actual purchase behavior in the green food market. By integrating extrinsic cues as antecedents into the VAB framework, this study refines the psychological processes of consumer decision-making and provides academic and practical implications for establishing effective marketing strategies—such as enhancing certification credibility and fostering positive WOM—to promote sustainable green food consumption.

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The COVID-19 pandemic was the fastest-spreading, most geographically extensive, and longest-lasting major public health emergency since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Beyond testing China's public health and social governance systems, the pandemic also generated substantial regional disparities in economic recovery. Against this background, this study uses data from 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China to examine the relationship between per capita health expenditure in 2019 and regional economic resilience in 2023. It further investigates whether the Medical Service Capacity Index and the Primary Healthcare Capacity Index constitute potential pathways linking the two. The results show that: First, under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, per capita health expenditure in 2019 is significantly and positively associated with regional economic resilience in 2023. This relationship remains robust after controlling for per capita GDP and urbanization rate, and the core association persists after further controlling for population density. Second, no statistically significant relationship is observed between per capita health expenditure and the Medical Service Capacity Index. Moreover, the association between the Medical Service Capacity Index and regional economic resilience fails to reach statistical significance, and Bootstrap results do not support this variable as a significant mediating pathway. Third, both the baseline regression and the robustness test incorporating population density indicate that per capita health expenditure is significantly and positively associated with the Primary Healthcare Capacity Index. However, the relationship between the Primary Healthcare Capacity Index and regional economic resilience is not statistically significant, and Bootstrap analyses do not support a significant indirect effect through this pathway. Fourth, based on a four-quadrant classification constructed from the growth rate of health expenditure and the improvement rate of healthcare service utilization during 2019–2024, substantial disparities are observed across Chinese provinces between increased health investment and actual improvements in service utilization. These findings suggest that the positive association between health expenditure and economic resilience may not primarily operate through the quantitative or structural indicators measured in this study, such as hospital beds, medical institutions, or general service capacity. Instead, unobserved factors—including risk identification, surveillance and early warning, health communication, emergency coordination, and governance stability—deserve further investigation. The findings provide empirical evidence for optimizing the structure of health investment, strengthening the disease prevention and control system, and enhancing regional economic resilience in the post-pandemic era in China.

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This study examines the professional competence and career adaptability of newly hired teachers in higher vocational colleges in Liaoning Province, China’s representative old industrial base. As the revitalization of the Northeast (东北振兴) hinges on rebuilding the regional human-capital base, the quality of vocational-college teachers is not merely an educational concern but a structural condition for regional industrial transformation. Combining in-depth interviews with a survey of 193 newly hired teachers, we measured four dimensions—disciplinary competence and innovation transfer, ethical competence and professional identity, managerial competence and teamwork, and psycho-physical competence and job adaptability—and analyzed group differences using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Teachers with enterprise or industry experience showed significantly higher competence and adaptability than recent graduates, and early-career teachers adapted better than their senior peers. This study contends that the supply of “dual-qualified” teachers within old industrial bases forms a regional institutional asset supporting industrial upgrading, and advances demand-oriented recruitment alongside school–enterprise dual-track training schemes.

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