This study concluded by empirically testing whether there is a cointegration relationship between exports and imports and other macroeconomic variables in trade between Korea and China. Unlike previous studies that implicitly assumed the symmetry of the cointegration between variables, this paper explicitly tested the possibility that the cointegration between the variables has asymmetries. The monthly macroeconomic data used are exports and imports between Korea and China, the industrial production index of Korea and China, and the exchange rates from January 2006 to December 2019. As results of testing by performing the linear cointegration tests, the existence of a significant cointegration relationship was found only in the import sector from China, not found in the export sector to China. As results of testing the asymmetric cointegration tests, it was confirmed that there was asymmetrical cointegration relationships in both the export and import sectors to China. Considering that the results of results from the M-TAR model are better than those of the TAR model, it can be concluded that such results are due to the specificities of exports and imports between Korea and China, which are continuously affected by the trend changes of the global economy. It was found that the adjustment speed when there were the positive gaps from the equilibrium was higher than when there were negative gaps. In the estimation results of the threshold error correction models showing the short-term adjustment process between the variables, each coefficient of the error correction terms also showed different adjustment speeds for the positive and negative deviations from the equilibrium. Therefore, there are cointegration relationships with asymmetric adjustment processes among the variables used in this study, so empirical tests based only on traditional linear cointegration theories seem to possibly lead to false conclusions.

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Korea and China have made achievements in various fields since official diplomatic relations in 1992. However, social and cultural conflicts between Korea and China are occurring are frequent, especially Koreans’ negative perception on China has steadily increased. Against this backdrop, this article claims that the recent social and cultural conflicts between Korea and China are structural impediments caused by overlapping part of tradition(including history and custom), combined with nationalist opinions. Therefore, it is difficult to resolve these conflicts with functionalist approach, such as promoting relations through communication and cooperation as generally presented by the Korean and Chinese governments. To put it more concretely, this paper will compare the responses of the two governments in the past to the “Northeast Project(東北工程)” and the “ethnic Koreans in China(朝鮮族)” issues. Through this analysis it will present policy implications for the further development of Korea-China relations.

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In this study, consumer ETC service characteristic factors targeting Chinese ETC consumers (Convenience, Economy, Stability, Responsiveness), ETC user characteristic factors(Individual innovation, Self-efficacy), Structural relationships between privacy risk, perceived value, and satisfaction were identified. In addition, between ETC service characteristic factors and perceived value, Between ETC User Characteristics and Perceived Value, The moderating effect of privacy risk on the relationship between perceived value and satisfaction was verified. In this study, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and path analysis were performed using statistical analysis tools SPSS 25 and AMOS 24. Based on the analysis results, the implications for this study are as follows. First, in the case of ETC service characteristics(Convenience, Economy, Stability, Responsiveness), All four factors were found to have a positive (+) effect on the perceived value. Among them, economic feasibility was found to have the greatest influence on perceived value. Next, in the case of ETC user characteristic factors(Individual innovation, Self-efficacy), Both factors were found to have a positive (+) effect on the perceived value. And perceived value was found to have a positive (+) effect on satisfaction. In other words, the higher the perceived value, the higher the ETC user satisfaction was as expected. Finally, the privacy risk of ETC users was found to have a moderating effect between responsiveness and perceived value, and between self-efficacy and perceived value.

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In this study, we measured efficiency of Chinese firms using DEA (data envelopment analysis) model according to input and output by industry with panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2007 to 2020 to investigate the improvements in R&D efficiency around privatization. From the perspective of corporate R&D investment efficiency, the effects of government ownership ratio, technological innovation competency and R&D investment on the efficiency and performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) for some years after privatization are investigated. Based on the results of fixed effects panel regressions ans spatial Durbin panel regressions, we have the following conclusions. First, privatization improves the efficiency of corporate technological innovation activities in China for years including the year of privatization and then aggravates it. Its effects are similarly or exactly reflected in their corporate profitability for the same period. Second, the technological efficiency improves corporate profitability for five years. Third, government ownership improves investment efficiency for the non-privatized firms, including both private firms and government firms, but not for privatized firms. Fourth, technological innovation competency and R&D investments improve their efficiency, but hurt their current-year profitability. Fifth, the effects of privatization, technological innovation and government ownership last positively for one year for privatized Chinese SOEs while such effects on corporate profitability last only for the year after privatization positively during the year, negatively for 5 years in technological innovation and R&D investments. Lastly, in consideration of regional characteristics, privatization has a positive (+) effect on corporate efficiency and profitability across region. Within regions, the metropolitan area, the central region, and the northwest region seem to be on the rise in corporate efficiency, while the coastal area is on the decline. Thus, the privatization of Chinese SOEs has been successful in improving their technological efficiency and profitability for a short period of time, which turns adverse afterwards. The results imply that privatized firms need improvements in the efficiency of technological innovation and R&D investments activities for long-term improvements in efficiency and profitability, with spillover effects across regions nearby.

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The cultural tourism industry has already grown into an important axis in the Chinese economy and has a great influence on the international cultural tourism industry. The Overseas Chinese Group which was established in 1985, has grown to become a representative cultural tourism company in China. This study introduced the development in the Chinese culture-tourism industry and the overseas Chinese group. The Five Forces Model and BSC-SWOT analysis were also used to access the overseas Chinese group’s competitiveness and reason for success. Overseas Chinese group has abundant cultural tourism resources and has a competitive advantage over other companies. By building a cultural tourist service system that is customized to the Chinese circumstances, it has a large market share. However, it continues to face issues such as high infrastructure construction costs, a lack of intellectual property rights acknowledgment, and a lack of innovation. Based on this analysis, implications for enhancing the competitiveness of the Chinese culture and tourism industry and overseas Chinese groups were presented.

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By using Chinese Family Panel Studies data, this paper discusses the effect of higher education on the life satisfaction of Chinese urban residents and tries to provide a simple interpretation to understand the social function of higher education in contemporary China. This is of great significance to China, which has taken the goal of improving the life satisfaction of all people’s lives and achieving a “good life” as its development goal. The conclusions are as follows: For urban residents, higher education is still an important way to improve life satisfaction. However, this positive effect is limited to raising life satisfaction from “very dissatisfied” to “satisfied”. And the effect decreases as life satisfaction increases. Actually, higher education groups are less likely to feel “very satisfied”. More generally, the biggest positive contribution to higher education is to help people stay away from extreme negative emotions, rather than to achieve maximum life satisfaction.

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In China, problems such as sulking, spousal quarrels, overwork and parent-child tension caused by tutoring homework are common, and “auxiliary phobia” has long plagued parents. This research mainly from the psychological point of view of China’s Zhejiang province elementary school parents, with the method of qualitative research and quantitative research, on the investigation of 959 effective samples shows that China’s Zhejiang province after primary school parents’ fear of auxiliary “penetration” as high as 85.82%, main show is angry, dizziness, inner restlessness, rhetoric, etc. “symptoms”. There are significant differences in parents’ gender, occupation and family economic status. In addition, parent-child conflict, controlling style of parental participation in homework, partner conflict and self-conflict had significant positive effects on “phobia of tutoring”. From the professional point of view for the treatment of parents “auxiliary fear” feasible suggestions.

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Urban planning in China is carried out at the national and city government levels. In the past 70 years, China’s urban planning principles have constantly changed, and accordingly the spatial layout and landscape of cities have also changed. For over 30 years after the founding of the country, the state used to lead the city government, and the city government used to carry out the national plan as it was; however, after Reform and Opening-up, the city government took the lead in urban planning and implementation. To prove the influence of the state on the creation of urban space in China, this paper reviewed all previous master plan of Xi’an, whose importance has been highlighted or diminished in implementation of national strategies and goals since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. After analyzing the national development strategy and Xi’an’s urban planning, it was confirmed that the latter changed according to the national development strategies and goals, and urban autonomy was expanded through Reform and Opening-up; however, its role and function were still limited. As the character of the city was defined according to political rhetoric and the urban space was reorganized, this proved that the changes in Xi’an was taking place in a centralized hierarchy managed and controlled by the state.

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The issue of levying enterprise income tax as a result of debt restructuring in bankruptcy reorganization is unique, and it has significant implications for enterprise rehabilitation. However, the Chinese legal regulations on this subject are not faultless. The relevant provisions provided in the Circular on Issues Concerning Treatment of Enterprise Income Tax in Enterprise Restructuring Business (Cai Shui [2009] No. 59) are quite complicated to apply in actual taxation practice, and the design of the collection system is against the goal of bankruptcy reorganization. Therefore, the collection system of enterprise income tax in debt restructuring should be perfect in legislation in order to facilitate the rehabilitation of insolvent enterprises. This article examines the various types of corporate income tax in reorganization, explores suitable ways of taxation and makes recommendations for institutional improvement. Specifically, for the “debt forgiveness” type of bankruptcy restructuring, it is recommended to transplant the U.S. “Reduction of Tax Attributes” in order to reduce the tax burden of the reorganized enterprises. For “debt-equity swap” type of bankruptcy restructuring, it is recommended to include a pre-judgment mechanism for the tax authorities, primarily to give them the discretion on whether to impose tax on the difference between the amount of debt and the fair value of equity, so as to reduce the tax burden of creditors and eliminate the space for tax arbitrage.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the formation of Mongolia’s asymmetric interdependent relations with specific countries and its problems in terms of ‘sensitivity’ and ‘vulnerability’. Mongolia as a landlocked country borders on two powerful countries, China and Russia. It means that this geographical situation could make Mongolia expand interdependent relations with these countries. The expansion of interdependent relations could either increase cooperation between states or change power relations; however, the more essential point is these countries in interdependent relations have different sensitivity and vulnerability from the termination of interdependence. Mongolia since its independence has formed asymmetric interdependence with the Soviet Union. The termination of their interdependent relations due to the collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in food security crisis in Mongolia. While Mongolia has endeavoured to diversify its economic relations, Mongolia’s dependence on China has deepened. In particular, the situation that 90% of Mongolia’s coal export which accounts for 40% of Mongolia’s total export goes to China means Mongolia’s sensitivity and vulnerability is high according to the change of their relations. Mongolia’s asymmetric interdependent relations indicate that China and the Soviet Union which are relatively less dependent could strengthen their power in their relations with Mongolia. This also means Mongolia’s policy autonomy could be limited. In addition, Mongolia which is relatively more dependent has high degree of sensitivity and vulnerability due to the termination of interdependent relations, which eventually cause economic damages and high costs to Mongolia. In this sense, Mongolia needs not only to consider how to convert its asymmetric interdependent relations into symmetric ones, but also to find a way to make a counterpart – for example, China – asymmetrically interdependent on Mongolia.

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