Chinese government has permitted its local governments to issue bonds. At the initial stage, the local bonds were issued by the ministry of finance in the central government. Since 2015, however, the local bonds had been issued by local governments themselves. The local bond, if managed by strict market mechanism, could forbid local bureaus’ moral hazard and thus strengthen their fiscal states. Local governments’ past debts have been transformed to bonds successfully. The issuance of substitute bonds which are meant to substitute non-bonds debts to bonds have been finished in 2018. Since then, the debt succession would proceed in the form of substitution of refinance bonds with existing bonds. The annual size of local bonds have been relatively managed stably and the debt risks are not increasing by local bonds. However, the increase of project bonds should be detected as a risk source because they are not included in the public finance budgets. The increased volume of project bonds does not necessarily represent the increase of profitable projects. In addition, the local bonds should reflect their own risks but it is highly doubted in that all the local bonds so far have been issued with AAA grade. We found, however that the local bonds’ face values are related to their debt level at least to some degree. The transactions of local bonds are not active and done mostly by state owned banks. This kind of exclusive transactions are mirroring the unique characteristics of China’s financial sector and will not change in the near future.

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This paper studies the awareness of consumer rights protection in China. Since China entered the era of full consumption in 1993, the level of Chinese consumers has improved roundly, and the total consumption has risen sharply while the issue of consumer rights protection has been highlighted. The purpose of this paper is to understand the current level of awareness of Chinese consumers rights and consciousness through the investigation of Chinese consumers, and the impact of consumer awareness on the protection of consumers rights and consciousness through the cognitive pathways and also how the awareness of consumer rights protection influences on the level of consumer protection Through the collation and analysis of the reference documents, it is found that Chinese consumers usually obtain information related to consumer rights protection through public opinion reports, education and learning, etc., and the acquisition of information is the most effective way to enhance the awareness of consumer rights protection, while the awareness of the protection of rights and consciousness will affect the protection level. Therefore, this paper studies the problem by raising a hypothesis and designing a model. Through analysis, we confirm that the public opinion report and education in the cognitive path have a significant impact on the protection of consumer rights. Secondly, the analysis results show that the right to know, fair trading rights and supervision rights in the awareness of consumer rights protection have a significant impact on the protection level. Therefore, this means that the effective dissemination of consumer rights protection information is extremely important. More abundant methods of communication and more effective tools of communication can have a better effect on raising awareness of consumer rights protection. The improvement of the awareness of consumer rights protection will increase the demand for the protection of consumers rights and consciousness, which will improve the overall consumption environment in China and the protection of consumers’ rights and consciousness. Therefore, China should pay more attention in these areas to enhance the overall consumption level of China.

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In this research, images of journalists, in 7 Chinese and Korean movies or TV dramas each, were classified and analyzed, and then their symbolic meanings were explored. The images of journalists could be classified into five types: journalists who seek personal interest; journalists who remain silent to survive; journalists who try to redeem themselves; journalists who are plagued by the sense of guilt in morality; journalists who are heroically dedicated to justice. Both Chinese and Korean movies or TV dramas have tried to construct a reversal of the images of journalists from “bad” to “good”, to cater to the public’s idealistic identification of the press and journalists. The expectation of the society is so high that the journalists in the movies would all become “heroic and dedicated to justice” in the end. On the other hand, there’s a chance that this kind of reversal naturalizes and depoliticalizes the actual social conflicts like ethical problems, and power struggle. The comparison of the journalists in Chinese and Korean movies and TV dramas reveals that they are different in the variety of personalities, and they have dissimilar anxiety, and the two societies hold distinct expectations of media workers. Both countries are producing an increasing number of movies and TV dramas related with journalists. Movies and TV dramas could be a good indicator of how well the journalists are speaking for people as a media, what the social expectation is, and what the relation between the society and the press is like.

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This study compared the social networks of China and Taiwan with some facts. The main results are summarized as follows. First of all, when comparing China and Taiwan in relation to the perception of life satisfaction and achievement of goals, Taiwan, which has a relatively high economic level, appears to be higher than China in overall life satisfaction. This was appearing higher than Taiwan. Looking at subjective health status and level of perception of household balance, it was found that Taiwan and China were good. We believe that the state of health is a result of reflecting the situation closely related to the economic level. Next, when looking at the perceptions related to the income gap, the recognition level of the need to bridge the gap was also relatively high in China and Taiwan, where the perception of the excessive income gap was relatively high. At the level of recognition of government responsibility for bridging the gap, China, a socialist country, was relatively strong, while Taiwan, a liberal state, was relatively weak. Next, in terms of social isolation-related perception, China was relatively high in isolation-related perception, and Taiwan was relatively low. It can be seen that there is a difference in perception related to social isolation between China and Taiwan, which can be regarded as the same culture. In conclusion, China and Taiwan’s social network is considered to be a situation where Taiwan, which is better than China at the economic level, is particularly superior to China in social networks.

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Due to their unique historical and cultural traditions, judicial means are not the best choice to settle disputes, but prefer to apply folk customary law and folk dispute settlement mechanism. In the current judicial practice in minority areas, in order to avoid the more serious harmful consequences caused by the strict conclusion of cases in accordance with the law, civil mediation and the real appeals of the parties have in fact become an important factor hidden in the sentencing process of judicial organs. However, this practice also causes the national law and the judicial system to be subjected to the shock and the challenge. In order to meet the actual needs of dispute settlement in ethnic areas, procuratorates have actively explored the establishment of a new type of working mechanism of prosecutorial docking, which incorporates customary law and civil mediation into the national legal system through a statutory formal system. The positive interactions between the two parties have fundamentally resolved contradictions and disputes and repaired social relations. Promoting the prosecutorial docking mechanism in ethnic areas is the respect and absorption of national traditions and “harmonious culture” by national laws, and can effectively resolve the three major contradictions faced by the judicial work in ethnic areas, including the contradiction between the national law and the customary law of ethnic minorities, the contradiction between the formal justice of the law and the social effect, and the contradiction between normal judicial activities and “judicial absence” and “secondary justice”. The implementation of the prosecutorial docking mechanism in ethnic minority areas is feasible and necessary both in theory and in practice, but it also faces corresponding difficulties and obstacles. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the types of cases applicable to the prosecutorial docking mechanism, confirm the effectiveness of the mediation agreement reached under the prosecutorial docking mechanism, and improve the application of laws and regulations to the prosecutorial docking mechanism to maximize the function of the prosecutorial docking mechanism.

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Chinese representative local festivals can be divided into three models according to their characteristics and their orientations as follows: the “Government- Oriented-Exhibition Type”, the “Market-Oriented-Sales Type” and the “Industry- Oriented-Professional Type”. Also, they can be divided into B2B (Business to Business, that is, marketing relationship between companies) and B2C (Business to Customer, that is, marketing relationship between company and individual). Among them, this study looked at the development strategy of B2C (Business to Customer, that is, marketing relationship between company and individual) by taking the International Animation Film Festival held in Hangzhou City, represents Zhejiang Province in China, as an example. The International Animation Film Festival in Hangzhou City is a key industry in this region and plays a central role in the local development and the development of local cultural contents industry, and aims to develop its international animation film festival based on the “Hangzhou Model” into differentiated branded-festival from other domestic animation film festivals in China. Especially, its B2C strategy, a major development strategy, plays an important role in securing regional competitiveness through the development of regional cultural industry and local festivals. Besides, it emphasizes the economic ripple effect of local festivals through customers’ direct participation in them, and furthermore, it can present more potential for development by combining them with various industries with good market prospects like film and game industries.

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The international society adopted the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the Paris agreement in 2015 after signing on the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNFCCC) in June 1992 to cope with the problem of climate change according to global warming. The Paris agreement is expected to be enacted in January 2021 and aims to maintain the increase of the average temperature of the earth by lower than two degrees through the reduction of greenhouse emissions and limit it to 1.5 degrees. Thus, all countries that signed on the Paris agreement are given the duty to make an effort to reduce greenhouse gas voluntarily. China is a country directly involved in joining the Paris agreement, making a lot of effort to keep the promise of the implementation by setting the objective of the reduction of carbon dioxide to 60 to 65% compared to that as of 2005 by 2030. In particular, it is operating carbon emissions trading exchanges in eight provinces and cities, adopting the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme in 2013, and carbon emissions trading is actively done. Also, China has enacted laws and technical norms, such as “Carbon Emission Report Management Measures” and “Interim Measures for the Management of Carbon Emissions Trading” as the laws related to carbon emissions trading and is gathering opinions, announcing “Interim Regulations on the Management of Carbon Emissions Trading” on April 3, 2019 to standardize carbon emissions trading, improve the control and management of greenhouse gas emissions, promote the ecological civilization and promote the sustainable development of the economic society. Based on the Chinese government’s effort, as China showed a clear decreasing tendency of greenhouse gas emissions since 2015, China is putting spur to the preparation of legislation and the maintenance of the system to further expand the carbon emissions trading market nationwide. Meanwhile, after the Paris agreement came into effect in 2021, each country should make a lot of effort to implement the reduction objectives set by itself, and the Republic of Korea, a country directly involved in that cannot be an exception. Currently, the Republic of Korea also operating the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme in the same form as that of China; however, it is not revitalized due to a few circumstances. And yet, it is judged that centering around the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme, investigating China’s laws related to climate change response and making an active effort to revitalize the Republic of Korea’s carbon emissions trading market, analyzing the operation status. will help implement the duty to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.

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This study comprehensively analyzed the development status and characteristics of major new industries, the growth strategy of innovative enterprises and those new industries’ sources of competitiveness, centering on Shenzhen, China, a representative innovative city in China. Shenzhen City is developing 5G, robots, system semiconductors and electric vehicles into key new industries. Analysts say that the reason for the rapid development of these and other new industries in Shenzhen is that they utilize elements of the ICT technologies, balanced industrial ecosystems and commercialization capabilities in the Shenzhen area. The number of PCT patent applications in Shenzhen area accounts for 45.6 percent of all such applications in China, and is considered the most advanced technology accumulation area in China as research and development is carried out around private innovative companies. In terms of industrial ecology, Shenzhen is also the world’s best: based on the number of SMEs, the number of startups and the innovation of large companies and startups, Shenzhen City boasts a global level. In terms of commercialization capacity, Shenzhen’s economy is the most active in China, and the large companies that have emerged from startups include global companies including Tencent, DJI, ZTE and Huawei. It is urgent to design new Korea-China cooperation measures in new industries in Shenzhen, such as 5G, robots, system semiconductors, and electric cars, where industrial innovation is occuring rapidly.

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The Trump administration has responded to the Chinese pursuit of a hegemony with the “Free, Open Indo-Pacific Strategy (FOIP strategy).” This paper analyzes its intentions and implementation measures by examining the two government documents of ‘Indo-Pacific Strategy Report: Preparedness, Partnership and Promoting a Networked Region,’ and ‘Indo-Pacific: Advancing a Shared Vision. ’ Reflecting the republican liberal dichotomous perspective of good and evil, the FOIP strategy views US as pursuing a free vision and China as doing a repressive one of the world. It identifies China as the greatest threat to US, challenging the liberal international order and trying to capture a hegemony in the Western Pacific areas, particularly Southeast Asia. The FOIP strategy purports to contain and frustrate the Chinese hegemonic pursuit in the Indo-Pacific region by strengthening a alliance or semi-alliance relationship, establishing a strategic partnership or continuing engagement with the countries in the region. However, most of the Southeast Asian states are skeptical of the FOIP strategy. Considering the regional states’ strategies towards the US-China rivalry, including the regional institutional balancing against it and the flexible bilateral responses to it, such as balancing, bandwagoning and hedging, to promote national or leaders’ political interests, the effective FOIP strategy should take on a pragmatic and strategic rather than a value-laden exceptionalist approach.

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China’s rapid GDP growth and the widening trade deficit with the United States have raised concerns about China’s economic growth. In 2010, Edward Steinfeld, then professor of MIT, argued that China’s rise poses no threat to the United States and advanced Western countries as it plays the games under the rules made by the United States. But there have also been warnings that China’s technological upgrade is no longer compatible with the U.S.-led globalization. US officials criticize “Made in China 2025” as “crimes, not technology upgrading,” which aim to raise the country’s self-sufficiency in core technologies, parts, and materials in the high-tech industry to 40 percent by 2020 and 70 percent by 2025. This paper discusses whether strategic competition between the US and China poses a threat to the U.S.-led world order with the case studies in the field of AI and 5G, and looks at how strategic competition between the US and China, the main actors of the international order, is making any interaction with existing globalization. Advances in technologies such as 5G and AI are promoting a cross-border movement of services, which can shock the United States and China in different ways. In the case of the US, the US has begun to tighten its control over foreign immigration to protect manufacturing sectors in the US after Trump’s presidency. If the border movement of services becomes more active, services could be outsourced more broadly without the physical flow of immigrants, and it will have a big impact on the local labor market. In China’s case, despite its competitiveness in AI and 5G technologies that promote cross-border movement of information and services, it is likely to be used to maintain the Communist Party’s authoritarian rule more efficiently than to encourage free movement of information and services. There is also a strong trend to establish a mutually exclusive system, as the US administration encourages allies to refrain from using Huawei networking equipment, and China takes action against them. However, there is also the possibility of establishing a multipolar order where mutual competition and cooperation coexist, unlike the Cold War era.

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