The legal issue surrounding the application of digital assets in the division of marital property upon divorce have become increasingly prominent, particularly in relation to asset tracing, valuation, and judicial enforcement. Chinese law has adopted a normative approach characterized by strict regulatory restrictions and limited civil protection with respect to digital assets. At the level of financial regulation, Chinese law denies their monetary status and their function as instruments of financial circulation. At the civil law level, however, Article 127 and Article 1062(5) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China provide a normative basis for recognizing digital assets as property interests capable of falling within the scope of marital community property. Accordingly, the central issue is no longer whether digital assets may constitute objects of property law, but rather how they may be incorporated into procedures of disclosure, identification, valuation, and enforcement. In response, this article argues for a systematic approach built on the existing normative framework. Specifically, it proposes improving the rules governing the disclosure and investigation of digital assets, establishing valuation mechanisms that reflect their distinctive characteristics, and developing preservation and enforcement measures adapted to their modes of control. Comparative experience shows that whether digital assets can truly enter family law proceedings depends on the existence of a complete institutional framework for disclosure, tracing, preservation, valuation, and enforcement. Digital assets have already become an unavoidable new category of property in divorce-related property division. It is therefore necessary, through doctrinal clarification, institutional construction, and procedural refinement, to secure both substantive fairness in the division of marital property and the practical enforceability of judicial decisions in cases involving digital assets.

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As significant cultural carriers of regional historical development and sociocultural evolution, settlement toponyms preserve historical information about the natural environment, population migration, ethnic interactions, and social development in border areas. Particularly in multi-ethnic border regions, toponyms are not merely spatial identification symbols but also crucial materials for revealing changes in social structure, cultural transmission, and the formation of local identity. The Yanbian region, as a typical multi-ethnic border area in Northeast China, has long experienced the migration, development, and interaction of various ethnic groups including Han, Manchu, and Korean, resulting in a toponymic landscape characterized by multilingual and multicultural integration. Taking 2,570 settlement toponyms in the Yanbian region as research subjects, and employing methods such as mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis, this paper explores the formation mechanisms and spatial representations of multi-ethnic social formation in border areas from the perspective of toponymic culture. The findings are as follows:(1) The formation of settlement toponyms in Yanbian exhibits distinct historical stages. Since the Qing Dynasty, through processes of borderland development, population migration, ethnic interactions, and state governance, a multilingual toponymic system comprising Chinese, Korean, and Manchu toponyms gradually emerged and coexisted. This system records the historical processes of different ethnic groups entering the border area, developing the land, and undergoing social integration, reflecting the continuity and complexity of the formation of multi-ethnic society in the border region.(2) The spatial pattern of toponyms reflects the long-term adaptation of settlements to the natural environment. Different ethnic groups have formed differentiated settlement distribution characteristics based on their ecological environments and modes of production. Specifically, Korean settlements are mainly distributed in river valleys and plain areas, adapting to paddy rice farming; Han Chinese settlements are more widely distributed, with a relative concentration in higher-altitude areas, reflecting the influence of dryland farming and resource development activities; Manchu settlement toponyms show a decreasing distribution trend with increasing altitude, mainly concentrated in low-altitude river valleys and gentle terrains, indicating the adaptation of traditional settlements to water systems, forest resources, and diverse natural environments.(3) Toponyms related to production and livelihood, grassroots organizations, resource utilization, and human aspirations record the evolutionary processes of economic development, social governance, and cultural identity, revealing the composite characteristics of the multi-ethnic social formation in the Yanbian border area in terms of economic activities, social organization, and cultural psychology.By systematically examining settlement toponyms in the Yanbian region, this study reveals the formation mechanisms and spatial representations of multi-ethnic social formation in border areas, thereby expanding the research perspective of toponymic culture in serving the historical interpretation of border societies. As spatial and cultural materials that document socio-historical processes, toponyms carry multiple values such as ethnic migration, cultural transmission, and local identity, offering a new cognitive pathway for deepening research on the formation mechanisms of multi-ethnic border societies and for the preservation of regional cultural heritage.

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Research on Chinese overseas expansion has overwhelmingly focused on publicly listed firms, rendering the vast population of non-listed enterprises largely invisible in firm-level analyses despite constituting over 96 percent of firms with overseas operational authorization. Drawing on organizational selection theory and institutional perspectives on state-firm relations, we argue that public procurement embeddedness reflects selection into state-centered capability configurations conducive to overseas development project participation. Procurement participation signals administrative competence, political reliability, and large-scale project execution capacity that enable firms to operate within state-backed bilateral frameworks. Analyzing panel data from 4,367 Chinese non-listed firms over 2013-2017, we find that procurement embeddedness is positively associated with overseas project participation. Critically, this association is driven by between-firm differences rather than within-firm temporal changes, and future procurement predicts current participation, indicating organizational selection rather than causal influence. Procurement embeddedness is associated with persistent participation across years but not with greater project intensity within years, indicating that embedded firms are repeatedly selected rather than assigned expanded project volumes. The procurement-participation association is stronger among state-owned enterprises than non-state firms, revealing complementarity rather than substitution between ownership and transactional embeddedness. We find no evidence that domestic operational uncertainty conditions this association; the corresponding interaction is not statistically significant, and our third hypothesis is not supported. These findings advance international business scholarship by bringing invisible contractors to the center of overseas development analysis, reconceptualizing procurement as an indicator of state-centered capability accumulation, and demonstrating that ownership and procurement function as reinforcing dimensions of state embeddedness.

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This study aims to investigate the impact of trust in green certification and word of mouth (WOM) on the purchase intention of Chinese consumers who have prior experience purchasing green food products. Grounded in Cue Utilization Theory and the Value-Attitude-Behavior (VAB) framework, this study conceptualizes trust in green certification and WOM as extrinsic cues and empirically analyzes the sequential mediating effects of perceived value and attitude. The findings are as follows: First, trust in green certification and WOM have significant positive effects on perceived value (comprising functional, emotional, and social value). Second, perceived value has a significant positive influence on attitude, which in turn significantly affects purchase intention. Third, serial mediation analysis reveals that trust in green certification and WOM significantly influence purchase intention through the sequential mediation of perceived value and attitude. These results suggest that extrinsic cues serve as a structured psychological mechanism through which consumers' cognitive evaluations (perceived value) and attitude formation processes drive actual purchase behavior in the green food market. By integrating extrinsic cues as antecedents into the VAB framework, this study refines the psychological processes of consumer decision-making and provides academic and practical implications for establishing effective marketing strategies—such as enhancing certification credibility and fostering positive WOM—to promote sustainable green food consumption.

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The COVID-19 pandemic was the fastest-spreading, most geographically extensive, and longest-lasting major public health emergency since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Beyond testing China's public health and social governance systems, the pandemic also generated substantial regional disparities in economic recovery. Against this background, this study uses data from 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China to examine the relationship between per capita health expenditure in 2019 and regional economic resilience in 2023. It further investigates whether the Medical Service Capacity Index and the Primary Healthcare Capacity Index constitute potential pathways linking the two. The results show that: First, under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, per capita health expenditure in 2019 is significantly and positively associated with regional economic resilience in 2023. This relationship remains robust after controlling for per capita GDP and urbanization rate, and the core association persists after further controlling for population density. Second, no statistically significant relationship is observed between per capita health expenditure and the Medical Service Capacity Index. Moreover, the association between the Medical Service Capacity Index and regional economic resilience fails to reach statistical significance, and Bootstrap results do not support this variable as a significant mediating pathway. Third, both the baseline regression and the robustness test incorporating population density indicate that per capita health expenditure is significantly and positively associated with the Primary Healthcare Capacity Index. However, the relationship between the Primary Healthcare Capacity Index and regional economic resilience is not statistically significant, and Bootstrap analyses do not support a significant indirect effect through this pathway. Fourth, based on a four-quadrant classification constructed from the growth rate of health expenditure and the improvement rate of healthcare service utilization during 2019–2024, substantial disparities are observed across Chinese provinces between increased health investment and actual improvements in service utilization. These findings suggest that the positive association between health expenditure and economic resilience may not primarily operate through the quantitative or structural indicators measured in this study, such as hospital beds, medical institutions, or general service capacity. Instead, unobserved factors—including risk identification, surveillance and early warning, health communication, emergency coordination, and governance stability—deserve further investigation. The findings provide empirical evidence for optimizing the structure of health investment, strengthening the disease prevention and control system, and enhancing regional economic resilience in the post-pandemic era in China.

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This study examines the professional competence and career adaptability of newly hired teachers in higher vocational colleges in Liaoning Province, China’s representative old industrial base. As the revitalization of the Northeast (东北振兴) hinges on rebuilding the regional human-capital base, the quality of vocational-college teachers is not merely an educational concern but a structural condition for regional industrial transformation. Combining in-depth interviews with a survey of 193 newly hired teachers, we measured four dimensions—disciplinary competence and innovation transfer, ethical competence and professional identity, managerial competence and teamwork, and psycho-physical competence and job adaptability—and analyzed group differences using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Teachers with enterprise or industry experience showed significantly higher competence and adaptability than recent graduates, and early-career teachers adapted better than their senior peers. This study contends that the supply of “dual-qualified” teachers within old industrial bases forms a regional institutional asset supporting industrial upgrading, and advances demand-oriented recruitment alongside school–enterprise dual-track training schemes.

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Based on Thomas Piketty’s ‘r>g’ hypothesis, this study analyzes the structural impact of the expanding capital-income ratio on income polarization and examines whether the gender balance in human capital functions as a moderating mechanism to alleviate this trend. The empirical results confirm that, within the East Asian context, a rising capital-income ratio is a significant factor that exacerbates the income gap between the top 10% and the bottom 50%. However, this pressure toward deepening inequality is statistically and significantly mitigated as the gender education gap narrows. Specifically, gender equality in education was found to serve as a social safety net that sustains the income share of the bottom 50% by diversifying their income sources and enhancing economic resilience, rather than by directly suppressing the wealth accumulation of the top tier. Furthermore, robustness checks using the Gender Development Index (GDI) yielded consistent results, showing that improvements in gender equality offset the negative effects of capital concentration. By integrating a micro-perspective of gendered human capital into Piketty’s macro-discourse, this research identifies a specific mechanism for preventing the entrenchment of inequality. The findings suggest that future distribution policies must go beyond ex-post redistribution and be integrated with structural measures aimed at enhancing educational equity.

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This research paper investigates the relationship between Mozi's thought and China's innovation strategy. Divided by the tenures of China's top leaders, the study presents key innovation keywords of each era and analyzes this connection through a chronological pattern matching method. This analysis focuses on Mozi's citations in major lectures by top leaders, the situation and challenges facing China at the time, and the innovation achievements and research aspects of innovation. The results are as follows: Mozi's thought is closely linked to modern China's national strategic direction, particularly its innovation strategy. The Chinese leadership, including top political leaders, recognized Mozi's thought as a crucial component of China's socialist ideological system. Amidst the Cold War, a systemic competition with Western capitalist nations, China, pursuing a path distinct from the Soviet Union, took great pride in the fact that its traditional philosophy embodied dialectical materialism. Consequently, Mozi's thought influenced the formation of Chinese-style socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics. The content of the Mozi Classics, including the highest level of natural science and logic of the time, served as a model capable of moving beyond mere imitation to pursue independent innovation in the competition for productive capacity development and scientific and technological innovation against Western capitalist nations, led by the United States. Furthermore, Mozi’s philosophies of universal love and non-aggression were suitable and useful for the ideological propaganda of China, which aims for peaceful rise. In particular, the strong will and loyalty unique to Mozi and his disciples have recently been highly valued and are being regarded as exemplary models for the unity of the Chinese system. Given that China has set the overtaking of the Western capitalist system in productive capacity amidst the modern paradigm shift as a national goal— considering that surpassing it in the scientific and technological sphere, and specifically winning the system competition through superior human resources, is the most feasible strategy—Mozi thought has been continuously emphasized and functions as an ideology that sets the system's course and mobilizes its members. The dedicated and sincere images of Mozi and the Mohist group preserved in historical records can be utilized to promote the patriotism pursued by China.

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This study analyzes the mechanisms of recognition and non-recognition exercised by Chinese leaders toward Japanese prime ministers in Sino-Japanese relations. By integrating Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition with constructivist approaches, it argues that China’s recognition of Japan is determined by the interaction between an “identity variable”— constituted by Japanese leaders’ positions on historical issues and Taiwan—and an “interest variable” reflecting China’s strategic and economic considerations. In particular, the study conceptualizes the identity variable as a nonlinear factor with a threshold effect, proposing an “identity threshold” mechanism whereby, once exceeded, the influence of the interest variable is constrained. Through a comparative analysis of the 1972 Mao Zedong–Kakuei Tanaka period and the 2003–2006 Hu Jintao–Junichiro Koizumi period, the study finds that whether the identity variable crosses this threshold serves as the key determinant of recognition versus non-recognition. These findings suggest that historical memory and the Taiwan issue function as normative criteria in Sino-Japanese relations.

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