As the global AI(Artificial Intelligence) industry grows and its use becomes more widespread among the general public, the need for data centers continues to increase. The rapid increase in data centers has led to a variety of related problems. Environmental issues such as power consumption – accounting for 1.5% of global electricity use – carbon emissions generated from power production, and cooling water usage have emerged, making it a critical time to consider sustainability. To address these issues, many countries have emphasized the need to establish eco-friendly green data centers. Although China is among the leading countries in the rapid expansion of data centers that raise environmental pollution concerns, it is also among the top in transitioning to green data centers capable of addressing climate issues. Through initiatives such as the China’s East-West computing Resources Integration Project, which promotes consolidation, the Special Action Plan for Green and Low-Carbon Development of Data Centers aimed at improving energy efficiency, standardized national management, and revisions to energy laws, China is demonstrating proper development of green data centers. Unlike China, Republic of Korea is falling behind in the development of global green data centers due to inadequate and insufficient realated systems and policies. Therefore, this study aims to analyze China’s advanced policies and legal systems related to green data centers and to provide implication for the development of relevant policies and legal frameworks in Korea.

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Based on nationally representative public opinion survey data collected in South Korea in 2024, this study systematically analyzes Korean public perceptions of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the mechanisms shaping those perceptions. The findings reveal a paradoxical cognitive pattern characterized by the coexistence of relatively high awareness and deep-seated misunderstanding. On the one hand, the overall cognitive foundation remains weak: more than half of respondents lack a clear understanding of the BRI, with limited knowledge of its basic content, developmental objectives, and potential impacts. Information acquisition is uneven, and public familiarity with the policy background and strategic intentions of the initiative remains insufficient, resulting in a fragile overall cognitive framework. On the other hand, groups with comparatively higher levels of awareness—such as men, individuals with higher educational attainment, and the baby boomer generation—are more likely to accept negative narrative frames that interpret the BRI as a tool for China to expand its global influence and pursue hegemony. This indicates a non-linear relationship between knowledge level and attitudes and reflects the effects of selective information exposure and preexisting cognitive biases. Further analysis demonstrates that political orientation, generational differences, and direct experience with China are key variables shaping public perceptions. Respondents with progressive political orientations, members of the MZ generation, and those with experience living, studying, or working in China exhibit significantly more positive evaluations of the BRI. In contrast, conservative groups and individuals without direct China-related experience tend to adopt skeptical or defensive attitudes, suggesting that perceptions are influenced not only by individual characteristics but also by socialization processes and cross-national contact. The study also finds that the cognitive challenges surrounding the BRI in South Korea stem from the combined effects of domestic political polarization, a specific information ecosystem, and Sino–U.S. strategic competition, producing a complex, multidimensional perception structure marked by both information deficits and systematic misinterpretations. This study concludes that while overall public awareness of the BRI in South Korea remains low, groups with progressive orientations, higher educational levels, and China-related experience demonstrate greater openness. Korean public attitudes toward future cooperation are ambivalent and shaped by domestic political polarization, information environments, and geopolitical rivalry. To improve public understanding, this study proposes differentiated strategies: for groups already exposed to the initiative but influenced by negative narratives, concrete facts and empirical data should be employed to clarify misconceptions and challenge entrenched cognitive frames; meanwhile, greater emphasis should be placed on “key groups” such as progressives, younger generations, and business communities that have shown relative openness, by expanding direct exchanges and experiential contact. Through people-to-people connectivity, such efforts may help alleviate strategic anxieties and gradually foster a more balanced, objective, and interest-based perception of the BRI. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the challenges of mutual public trust between China and South Korea and offers strategic implications for targeted communication and sustainable cooperation under the BRI framework.

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Improving export resilience has become a pivotal factor in navigating ongoing transformations in the global trade landscape, which are characterized by escalating geopolitical conflicts, accelerated supply chain restructuring, and rising trade protectionism. It is therefore essential to advance the high-quality development of China’s foreign trade and consolidate its competitive position in the global trade system. From the perspective of informal institutions, this study investigates the mechanisms through which social capital influences export resilience, given that social capital, as a core carrier of informal institutions, plays a crucial role in reducing transaction costs and facilitating resource flow. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities covering the period 2009–2022, regional export resilience is measured through using the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, which effectively quantifies recovery capacity and fluctuation adjustment capacity by separating the trend and fluctuation components of export growth. Social capital levels are measured using the entropy method, an objective weighting approach covering cognitive, bonding, and linking dimensions to avoid subjective biases. Empirical analyses are then conducted to examine the impact and underlying pathways of social capital on export resilience, with control variables such as openness, government intervention, and financial development included to enhance reliability. The results show that social capital significantly enhances export resilience, and this finding remains robust under stability tests that including core variable replacement and endogeneity control. The mechanism analysis further reveals that industrial upgrading and innovation capacity serve as key mediating mechanisms. Moreover, the heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the influence of social capital varies considerably across regions at different levels of economic development. The effects of individual dimensions of social capital also exhibit differentiation. Based on these findings, this study proposes targeted policy recommendations, including fostering and guiding the development of social capital, providing differentiated support for various type of social capital, and establishing cross-regional experience-sharing mechanisms to enhance China’s overall export resilience.

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Under the background of urban renewal in China, enhancing urban landscape has become an important strategy for reconstructing spatial resources and achieving sustainable development. With the process of urbanization shifting from incremental expansion to stock optimization, as of 2020, the built-up area of cities has reached 62000 square kilometers, and the proportion of stock construction land exceeds 60%. Urban renewal urgently needs to promote the coordinated regeneration of multidimensional values such as ecology, culture, and society through landscape enhancement. At present, research on urban landscape improvement presents a multidimensional goal framework of ecological restoration, cultural continuity, functional optimization, and social integration. However, there is still a systematic disconnect between theory and practice, manifested in the conflict between ecological protection and development orientation, the lack of regional characteristics caused by standardized design, and the absence of public participation mechanisms. This study first introduces relevant concepts and theories, including the connotation, development stages, and policy orientation of urban renewal, the target dimensions of urban landscape improvement, and the theoretical basis of urban renewal and landscape synergy. Then, the current situation of urban landscape improvement in China was analyzed, and practical progress and typical models such as scene activation of historical and cultural blocks, landscape regeneration of industrial relics, and public space reconstruction of old communities were elaborated. The existing core contradictions and challenges were also analyzed. At the same time, the landscape regeneration strategies in European urban renewal, the experience of public space creation in the US High Line Park model, and the refined landscape design of compact cities in Japan were analyzed and summarized. The similarities and differences between these strategies and the landscape improvement ideas of Chinese cities were explained, and valuable experiences were summarized for reference. Finally, summarizing the research content, the conclusion is drawn that China's urban landscape improvement has formed a practical framework with local characteristics, but breakthrough innovation is still needed in theoretical construction and implementation paths. Design strategies need to break through traditional engineering thinking and establish a collaborative mechanism for ecological restoration, cultural inheritance, functional optimization, and social governance. Based on the current situation and needs of landscape improvement in the context of urban renewal, suggestions are proposed to improve the policy system and institutional framework for urban renewal, strengthen the integration and application of technology with ecological priority orientation, deepen innovation in community governance and public participation mechanisms, promote local practice paths for cultural inheritance, build a smart technology support system, and strengthen the localization and transformation of international experience. The study of urban landscape enhancement is a long-term and dynamic research work that requires timely sorting, summarizing experience, and guiding research directions. Through the synergistic effect of institutional innovation, technological innovation, and governance system reform, China's urban renewal is expected to form a localized landscape optimization paradigm, and output Chinese solutions for the sustainable development of global cities.

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This study adopts a constructivist perspective in International Relations to examine the co-constructive mechanism between China's ‘role perception’ and ‘norm formation’ in global governance. Using the concept of the "Community of Shared Future for Mankind" as a core case, it explores how this idea is institutionalized and how it shapes China’s national role perception in global governance practices. The analysis focuses on two key aspects: first, how the idea draws on Confucian cultural resources, such as ‘relationality’ and ‘harmony,’ to construct a global normative narrative; and second, how this normative narrative gradually consolidates China’s role perception as a ‘responsible major power’ through multilateral diplomacy, institutional creation, and discursive practices. China's engagement in global governance is not only a strategic choice but also a progressive process of role perception and norm construction. This research contributes to an expanded understanding of China’s dynamic identity in diplomacy and validates the explanatory power of constructivist theory in non-Western contexts.

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As a representative form of traditional Chinese silk weaving, Nanjing Yunjin combines sophisticated hand-operated drawloom techniques with a highly institutionalized court visual tradition. Its patterns function not merely as decorative motifs but as a stabilized visual sign system formed through historical production and cultural practice. Drawing on Ferdinand de Saussure’s semiotic framework of the signifier–signified dyad, this study conceptualizes Nanjing Yunjin patterns as integrated signs constituted by visual representation and cultural meaning. The analysis proceeds from three dimensions: image typology, visual structure, and mechanisms of meaning generation. First, the applicability of semiotic methods to the study of traditional textile imagery is examined. The patterns are then categorized into three major image genealogies: natural symbolic motifs, human-constructed forms, and sacred or belief-oriented representations. At the level of the signified, the study reveals the cultural meanings embedded in these patterns, including ideals of personality and conceptions of life, ethical norms and ritual order, as well as religious beliefs and cosmological cognition. The findings indicate that natural symbolic motifs transform plants, animals, and natural imagery into visual carriers of value ideals and political concepts through cultural translation strategies such as metaphor, homophony, and symbolism. Human-constructed forms encode social order and ritual structure through the use of text, figures, and compositional rules, while sacred motifs employ standardized representations of religious objects and sacred totems to ensure the symbolic presence of belief systems and the legitimacy of authority within ritual contexts. Methodologically, this study supplements existing research that has primarily focused on craft history and intangible cultural heritage policies by introducing a semiotic perspective, and situates Nanjing Yunjin within the broader context of East Asian court textiles and visual culture exchange. The research offers theoretical insights for the interpretation of traditional textile imagery and provides references for contemporary design transformation.

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Memorial facilities of the Soviet Army in China represent a transnational cultural landscape heritage of significant historical and diplomatic value. This study introduces the theory of "landscape genes" and, by integrating the four historical stages of Soviet military operations within China, systematically identifies and analyzes the landscape gene characteristics of such facilities. The research constructs an indicator system encompassing four dimensions: architectural form and structure, layout and site selection, artistic features, and landscape ambiance. It identifies a core gene sequence characterized by the axial layout of the obelisk, decorative symbols such as the red star, and narratives of internationalism, thereby establishing a landscape gene identification map. In response to the current state of heritage conservation, protective strategies are proposed. The findings not only provide a scientific basis for the systematic preservation of this heritage but also offer methodological references for comparative studies on modern historical memory landscapes in East Asia.

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Environmental regulation has traditionally been perceived as a strategic constraint that increases compliance costs and weakens firm competitiveness. Recent sustainability and climate change concerns, however, raise the possibility that regulation can act as a catalyst for innovation rather than merely a burden. This study investigates whether environmental regulation promotes green innovation and under what organizational and institutional conditions this effect is amplified. We focus on how firms convert external regulatory pressures into internal innovation capabilities. Our emphasis is on the roles of ownership type, governance depth, and financing constraints. Drawing on a longitudinal panel of 1,500 publicly listed Chinese firms from 2010 to 2024, we integrate environmental, governance, and financial data at the firm-year level. Fixed-effects Poisson and negative binomial models with province×year and industry×year controls are employed to capture count-based patenting outcomes and spatial-policy shocks. Results show that stronger environmental regulation is positively associated with higher green invention patenting. This relationship is significantly stronger for state-owned enterprises, firms with larger boards, and industries with high pollution intensity. The effect is weaker for highly leveraged firms. Theoretically, this research refines the Porter Hypothesis by specifying boundary conditions under which regulation stimulates innovation rather than suppressing it.

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Article 1232 of the Civil Code establishes a liability system for punitive damages in environmental torts with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Possessing the dual legal interest characteristics of public and private interests and applicable to both environmental public interest litigation and environmental private interest litigation, it aims to impose multiple damages on environmental infringers to fully remedy damaged rights and interests, as well as to punish and deter environmental infringing acts. However, constrained by factors such as the ambiguity of the normative content itself and the complexity of environmental tort cases, numerous application dilemmas remain in the judicial practice of punitive damages for environmental torts, presenting a certain tension between the operational effectiveness of the system and the legislative presupposed goals. Adopting a functionalist perspective, this paper comprehensively employs research methods such as legal dogmatics and Law and Economics to examine the institutional dilemmas of punitive damages for environmental torts and proposes targeted legal pathways for resolving these application dilemmas. In terms of content, this paper defines the institutional functions of punitive damages for environmental torts, analyzing their multiple functions of punishment, deterrence, incentive, and environmental restoration. Secondly, applying functionalist analysis, this paper examines the application dilemmas of punitive damages for environmental torts. Specifically: (1) Regarding application rules, the scope of subjective elements is narrow, limited only to intentional torts while ignoring cases of gross negligence; (2) Regarding the calculation of damages, inconsistent calculation standards lead to insufficient incentives in private interest litigation and excessive deterrence in public interest litigation; (3) Regarding fund management, there are risks of "private appropriation" in the attribution of damages in private interest litigation and the dilemma of "fiscalization" in public interest litigation; (4) Regarding liability offset, the overlap between fines and penalties in public law and civil punishment causes an imbalance in the liability system. Finally, addressing the aforementioned application dilemmas, this paper proposes specific pathways for optimizing the punitive damages system for environmental torts: First, it is suggested to include gross negligence within the scope of application in private interest litigation to activate the incentive function of punitive damages. Second, based on the principles of Law and Economics, it is suggested to establish "illegal gains" as the priority base for calculation and to limit judicial discretion by introducing a quantitative model for multiplier discretion. Third, it is suggested to implement a diversion mechanism for private and public interests in fund management to ensure that punitive damages are genuinely used for environmental restoration. Fourth, it proposes establishing a sound liability offset mechanism to coordinate the relationship between fines and penalties in public law and civil damages, ensuring the priority of environmental restoration.

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The construction of an independent knowledge system is a crucial step in advancing the discourse of health law in China to reach the global stage and contributing to the creation of a new model of civilization. This article draws on the "local knowledge" embedded in health law in China and aims to integrate fragmented, scattered, and context-specific branch of legal norms into a coherent logical framework, guided by clear principles, theoretical foundations, and research paradigms, thereby forming a comprehensive independent knowledge system. This requires a rigorous understanding of the system's core categories and intrinsic values, while tracing its developmental trajectory through the evolution of legislative and disciplinary history. Besides, it should be noted that the essence of constructing the above independent knowledge system in China lies in using Chinese theory to address Chinese problems and forming a comprehensive legal theoretical framework. Such an independent knowledge system involves the integration, permeation, and synthesis of concepts, propositions, theories, logics, ideas, and methods in the field of law. Building on this foundation, while emphasizing problem awareness, a problem-oriented approach should be adopted to offer systematic, professional, and discipline-specific interpretations of both practical challenges in health law application and theoretical issues in academic research. Specifically, at the practical level, the focus should be on the issue of interests involved in citizens' health affairs, the profound changes currently reshaping medical and health activities in China, and the interaction between Chinese health law and international health affairs; at the theoretical level, the focus should be on the specific academic problems emerging from the evolution of health law, oriented toward major national strategies and frontier disciplinary issues. The construction of an independent knowledge system for health law in China has long been an autonomous theoretical development within the legal academic community. Therefore, it is essential to start from the historical transition in a risk society and use law to maintain proper medical order and achieve effective social governance. By extension, certain aspects must be clarified in this process: first, at the level of normative commands, health law consists of obligations to act or refrain from acting, as well as norms establishing or altering general behavioral standards or specific duties. Second, in terms of behavioral guidance, health law operates through voluntary compliance, social pressure, or the deterrent effect of procedural enforcement. Third, in terms of justice and order, beyond realizing justice, health law must also consider social stability. Additionally, safeguarding existential security should serve as the foundational logic of this knowledge system. By prioritizing the creation of a collaborative and efficient discourse in health law in China, the focus should be on fostering an integrated, shared-governance framework for a global community of health. It should also be pointed out that the effectiveness and influence of the contemporary discourse system in health law in China depend largely depend on whether the different discourses within it—namely, political discourse (directed toward policymakers), academic discourse (directed toward scholars), and public discourse (directed toward society)—can engage in coordinated dialogue and generate collective strength. Only through such efforts can traditional Chinese legal culture be revitalized for the contemporary era, offering indispensable Chinese wisdom and solutions to global health governance.

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