The urbanization plan of the Chinese government has worked to solve urban problems and promote economic growth. This article discusses the construction of smart cities, which is one of the Chinese government’s urbanization plans. This new-type urbanization in China aims to improve the efficiency of urban services, reduce costs and resource consumption, improve contact between citizens and the government and promote economic growth. The smart city plan is a noteworthy branch of new-type urbanization because it strives to build cooperation among the government, companies and society and to build congruent local policies between every single city. The Chinese national innovation system focuses on combining a central governmental role with a public-private partnership innovation program. However, the role of the Chinese government is even more important when private companies hesitate to invest in research and development because it is too hard to recoup funds quickly in the early stages of technical development. Although this cooperation system among the government, companies and society has already been established, the Chinese national system is not ruled by the private sector but by a central government. Therefore, the government’s authority to control and launch new technology in urban areas will be more significant.

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The purpose of this study verifies the relationships between Servant Leadership and all sub-factors of Psychological Empowerment, and Authentic Leadership and all sub-factors of Psychological Empowerment in Korea and China. In order to investigate the relationships, data obtained from 248 employees in Korea at Seoul/Gyeonggi-do and 229 employees in China at Beijing/Hebei province. A technique used in analyzing data was regression. The paper summarizes a concept of Servant Leadership, Authentic Leadership and Psychological Empowerment by following an in depth analysis of former theories. The summary of the study results are as the following. First, Servant Leadership exhibits relationships with all sub-factors of empowerment in Chinese employees. It shows relationships with ‘meaning’, ‘self-determination’ and ‘impact’ of empowerment but ‘competence’ in Korean employees. Second, Authentic Leadership plays a significant role in the formation of all sub-factors of empowerment in Chinese employees. Also, Authentic Leadership plays an important role in the formation of ‘self-determination’, ‘meaning’ and ‘impact’ of empowerment but ‘competence’ in Korean employees. With the result of this study, Servant Leadership and Authentic Leadership has more impacts on Psychological Empowerment in China than in Korea. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of the study were presented including directions for future studies.

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This thesis is a case study on JD’s distribution network for its international B2C market. Jingdong.com is one of the most famous online retailers on China Internet Commerce market. After 2010, B2C has already become the main economic growth momentum on China online market. Differentiated from Tmall.com, which acts as a transmission role, JD’s main business model is to do direct purchasing from the manufacturers and then to resell the products to consumers. Such way not only ensures the authenticity of the products, but also requires an extensive distribution network and both of the two together are working as the core competitive strategy for JD. Until June, 2015, JD’s distribution network has covered 2043 districts and counties. It owns 7 levels A distribution center, 166 logistics warehouses in 44 cities and offers overnight delivery for 50% of the area. Moreover, “zero tolerance” policy is adopted whenever a counterfeit article is found and thus JD has built its credibility among consumers. From 2008 to 2014, the average growth of B2C overseas direct purchasing market has recorded as 94% yearly. On one respect, the Chinese government encourages such purchasing as it is considered helpful to stimulate the domestic demand market. And on the other respect, from the consumers’ point of view, overseas direct purchasing offers a wider range of choice on certified goods, which can ensure the quality of the goods. Among the consumers of overseas direct purchasing market, people who were born in the 1980s account for 60% of the total. Chinese consumers show particular interests in Korean clothes, fashion accessories and cosmetics among other products. For small and medium-size enterprises in Korea, it is practical for them to take advantage of such worldwide B2C enterprises to get into the Chinese domestic demand market as the first step, even without establishing a branch in China and acquiring related quality licensing, because such way comparatively needs lower cost and produces higher efficiency. As for the small and medium-size enterprises of South Korea, whose experiences and general environment are poor, I believe that establishing a bridgehead by occupying a place in such major overseas direct purchasing online retailer is the very first step to enter the Chinese domestic demand market. The thesis is trying to propose a suggestion for the straggler enterprises in Korea to find a way to relate to the fast changing environment in China, such as O2O, Fintech and so on, so as to grasp opportunities to take another leap.

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As one of the basic principles of WTO system, non-discrimination is reflected as national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment, and it is the same in the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). This thesis has an analysis on the features of non-discrimination and its exceptions in the field of GPA by the interpretation of the non-discrimination clauses in GPA2012. The second part introduces the exceptions of non-discrimination principle applied by several parties in participating in GPA in order to provide references for China. Finally, this thesis focuses on the current legislation of government procurement and its conflicts against the non-discrimination principle in GPA, and then proposes the countermeasures of China during the negotiation on participation in GPA. Key

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In this paper, the basis of related category sand, sand industry, etc.We proposed to develop anti-desertification,sand industry is working to achieve ecological and economic benefits of “win-win” meeting point. On the basis of the status quo, to combat desertification and desert area in Inner Mongolia sand industry with a deep analysis, problem-oriented, through more serious desertification of Ordos, search for a large number of related research, studies and statistics, Proposed to combat desertification in Inner Mongolia. Develop sand industry is to achieve ecological and economic benefits “win-win” road. Besides, Development of sand industry should respect of the nature, Comply with the natural, focusing on prevention, protection first. Overall planning, adjusting measures to local conditions. policy guidance, voluntarily, subject pluralism, clear property rights and other principles; following with the “intensive cluster, integrated, centralized” and “four episodes ”concept, and to put forward specific measures for the development of sand industry in four aspects. Including: increase of the financial support, expand financing channels; strengthen the legal system, and the system security; innovated ecosystem management, of the Enterprise production, the development of tourism, energy use four modes, improve the industrial structure; linking the interests, to improve the mechanisms.

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This study measures the Hirschman concentration index, export similarity index, trade complementarity index, trade specialization index, revealed comparative advantage index for China, India, and Korea. The results show that China is more diversified, and in terms of trade specialization index, China is highest, Korea is second, India is the last. In the RCA measures, China has the strongest comparative advantages in the manufactures among the three countries even Korea has not a good comparative advantages. These results imply that Korea has lost its international comparativeness in the world market even it has comparative disadvantages to China and India has a comparative advantages to Korea in the world trade. It give a political implication that Korea’s trade structure should be changed to correspond to competitors in terms of trade competitiveness.

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본 연구는 최근 창장경제벨트, 일대일로와 더불어 중국의 3대 지역발전전략 으로 부상한 징진지 지역통합 추진 현황을 종합교통망 건설, 환경협력 메커니 즘 강화, 산업구조 조정 등의 3가지 측면에서 살펴보았다. 더불어 한국의 징진 지에 대한 수출과 투자 현황을 살펴봄으로써 향후 징진지 지역통합이 한국의 對징진지 진출 전략에 주는 시사점에 대해서 살펴보았다.

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This report analyzes the efficiency of tourism industry of 31 provinces in China, using DEA Window Analysis and DEA-Mamlquist index, period from 2003 to 2013. According to the quantitative analysis, found that 1) the total factor productivity of Chinese tourism industry regions are: east, northeast, west and central part. As for other regions, the economic development in east region is relatively high, the infrastructure conduction is relatively completed, and the environment for the development of tourism industry is relatively good. 2) from 2003 to 2007, there are big differences between the input and output in tourism industry in each region, which due to the unbalance of the development of macroeconomic in China. And the process of the production in most of the region’s tourism industry still needs a lot of infrastructure construction, the whole tourism development actually still in the stage of high input- low output, so the tourism industry in many cities is inefficient. 3) from the efficiency analysis since 2009 to 2013, which showed that the efficiency of Chinese tourism industry remains a growing situation, during this period, the infrastructure conduction in each regions almost already improved, so in the this stage is low input- high output.

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Treasury interest rates are determined in the financial markets based on the macroeconomic situations of a country. Forming a reasonable and stable bond market interacting with the real economy allows the government to raise the necessary funds for fiscal outlays in a timely manner with minimal costs and the issuance and circulation of government bonds is crucial for the overall development of the financial markets. In addition, government bonds function as a means to provide information required to carry out macroeconomic policies. Recognizing the importance of securing efficiency and stability of the government bond markets, the Chinese government announced the 12th Five-year plan for the revamping and development of the financial businesses, which is a willingness to reform the overall financial industry. China's government bond markets have not yet been developed very much currently, which is why the author of this paper examined the factors hindering the development of the Chinese government bond markets in terms of suppliers and buyers. First, it has been found out that there have not been a lot of demands for the issuance of government bonds due to an illusion from the debt-free policy in the past and dualized finances after the reformation of tax assignment system. And the impact of government bonds on the inflation was not significant when the volumes of the government bonds issued within the market. These imply the reason why the Chinese government has not issued a sufficient amount of government bonds. Solving the constraints on the issuer's side is dependent on the will of the Chinese government and it is expected to be solved in a short period of time. Conversely, solving the constraints on the investors' side seems to be more difficult. If there is a possibility of heightened sovereign risk of China due to endogenous problems inherent in China, demands to participate in the market by investors, especially foreign investors, may shrink due to an uncertainty of government bonds rates and widening volatility of the exchange rate. Moreover, investors cannot but to hesitate to invest in Chinese government bonds when they are far less liquid than the government bonds of other countries. Finally, a number of regulations exist in the Chinese government bond markets makes it hard for potential investors to access to the markets, impeding the diversity of bond investors, which is a restricting factor for the vitalization of the government bond markets. Like this, strong constraint factors become the reason why the government bond markets operate efficiently and why the investors' information on the real economy cannot be reflected on the Chinese government bond markets immediately. For China to grow the financial industry and to use more efficient macroeconomic policies shown by Western society, it needs to reform inefficient situations that exist in the overall financial market. In particular, given the importance of government bonds, it needs to have a more minute analysis on factors distorting the government bond markets and draw up solutions. If such restricting factors are to be solved, the Chinese bond market is expected to secure efficiency and to gradually develop in connection with the real economy while initiating a reforming of the Chinese financial industry.

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Alibaba group was not accepted by the HKEX due to its “dual-class shares” and chose the US, which triggers a discussion of the feasibility of “dual-class shares” in china. The “dual-class shares” has always been controversial because of its conflict of the “equity” spirit of governance. But in reality the “dual-class shares” option is in accordance with the corporate governance and the protection of shareholders’ rights and interests. In view of the current social environment in China, the “dual-class shares” should be given a certain space of existing.

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