China implemented reform and opening-up policies in 1978 and achieved unprecedented economic growth in the world. As a result of this economic growth, the welfare level of the Chinese people has improved rapidly. On the other hand, however, side effects of economic growth are emerging. Unemployment and inflation are very important among many economic indicators because they are the variables that have the greatest impact on people’s lives. Unemployment and inflation are especially negative factors for the economy as a whole. Arthur Okun used the combination of unemployment and inflation to create an Economic Misery Index that could simply measure the economic distress people feel in their lives. The Economic Misery Index is obtained by the sum of unemployment and inflation. The Economic Misery Index is used by the people to assess the quality of life. Therefore, this study analyzed whether China’s economic growth improved the quality of life of its people or increased economic pain by using The Economic Misery Index. The analysis results are as follows. First, along with China’s economic growth, economic misery index also declined. Second, the main factor in China’s economic misery index is inflation. Third, economic misery index in coastal areas was lower than in inland areas. Fourth, the difference between the economic misery index in coastal and inland areas is rapidly decreasing.

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China's interest rate system has been trying to shift from centralized state management to gradual marketization, slowly but persistently. As an important price signal of market economy, market interest rate not only affects the economic operation of the country at the macro level, but also directly affects the economic activities of enterprises and individuals at the micro level. In October 2013, China introduced the preferential interest rate(Loan Prime Rate, “LPR") system for loans, which aims to set banks' interest rate as the real market benchmark interest rate and to promote the market operation mechanism of the interest rate. However, as the existing lending banchmark interest rate that had previously been running in parallel continues to exceed the LPR rate level, the utilization of LPR interest rates in the bank window remains only at a very limited level. With the increase of economic uncertainty, the existing lending banchmark interest rate has shown many limitations in actively responding to the market interest rate linkage capital demand of enterprises and households under the global tendency of low interest rate. Chinese government in such a realistic understanding that the existing lending banchmark interest rate does not properly reflect real market interest rate, in order to ensure the effectiveness of monetary policy, launched a new loan preferential interest rate the new LPR system on 25th August 2019. According to some experts, through the new LPR, the bank's lending policy rate has actually replaced the existing benchmark lending rate, so it has achieved a meaningful market-oriented process. However, the determination mechanism of current lending rate in China, used as interest rate policy tools by central bank, have a direct effect on the new LPR, the new form of government dominance is still in operation. Open market operations such as reverse repurchase rate have an effect on the level of MLF(Medium-term Lending Facility) interest rates which also operated by central bank, and MLF interest rates once again affect LPR interest rates, accompanied by a combination of window guidance of the authorities, so there still has obvious tendency of the ‘government-led features'. As a result, measures such as the expansion of the new LPR notification banks(previous 10 to currently 18 banks) to calculate the average interest rate for the new LPR show the authorities' will to strengthen the market interest rate system. And yet, from the recent trend of a uniformed downward trend in interest rates, we can see that the determination mechanism of current interest rate is still behind the above-mentioned central bank tools reflected by the government policy intention.

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China became the biggest electric vehicle(EV) market in the world. So Chinese EV makers grow rapidly as major global players by using a huge domestic market and a strong government support. But Chinese EV startups are still on the concept car release step as of 2020. So this study reviews the value chain condition in the year 2017 and the year 2020 for five EV startups, NIO, Lucid Motors, Faraday Future, Karma and Byton, to check a missing part of the value chains. As a result, a missing part of the value chains turned out to be the EV manufacturing capability. The manufacturing knowhow is an intangible asset which is hard for the EV startups to copy easily because it requires a high level of quality control as much as that of ICE vehicle. In addition, the recent performance of Tesla also emphasizes the importance of manufacturing capability in the value chain of EV business. However, the current rivalry condition of China is to work as another entry barrier for the EV startups. Therefore, the EV startups will try to overcome two issues, the manufacturing capability and the severe rivalry condition through the strategic alliances with the existing vehicle makers of China. In this case, how they can keep the alliances relationships successfully and which equity structure is sustainable would be key issues.

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Recently, a fierce debate has been under way in the U.S. over changes in its policy toward China. The U.S. think tanks’ assessments of China’s national power and intention have become more diverse than before, and as a result, scholars’ policy proposals over what is the most desirable policy toward China also show distinct differences from continuing engagement and accommodation to competition and containment. This policy debate reflects the difference in perception on China’s rise. Thus, by analyzing the U.S. China policy debate, we can comprehend the perception and logic underlying the competing arguments regarding the U.S. policy towards China. This paper identifies two factors that influence the policy choices of the U.S. towards China. The first element is China’s intention, and the second element is the gap of national power between the U.S. and China. A analytical framework focusing on the perception of these two factors enables a more systematic and consistent understanding of the various policy alternatives and their underlying logic presented in the current policy debate. Based on this analytical framework, this paper analyzes the perception and logic underlying the four different policy options(continuous engagement, accommodation, competition, containment) presented in the U.S. China policy debate, and then, based on the analysis, it examines the Trump administration’s perception and policy logic towards China.

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This study analyzed the effects of GRDP and energy consumption in China on CO2 emissions using panel data from 22 provinces and 30 regions from 1995 to 2016. The panel analysis results are as follows. First, GRDP in 22 provinces and 30 regions showed a positive effect on CO2 emissions, showing that the current situation in China is positioned to the left of the inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve peak. Therefore, China’s economic growth is expected to continue to increase CO2 emissions. Second, in both groups, coal consumption (COAL) has the greatest impact on CO2 emissions. However, crude oil consumption (CR) and natural gas(NG) do not have statistically significant effects on CO2 emissions.

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Chinese government has permitted its local governments to issue bonds. At the initial stage, the local bonds were issued by the ministry of finance in the central government. Since 2015, however, the local bonds had been issued by local governments themselves. The local bond, if managed by strict market mechanism, could forbid local bureaus’ moral hazard and thus strengthen their fiscal states. Local governments’ past debts have been transformed to bonds successfully. The issuance of substitute bonds which are meant to substitute non-bonds debts to bonds have been finished in 2018. Since then, the debt succession would proceed in the form of substitution of refinance bonds with existing bonds. The annual size of local bonds have been relatively managed stably and the debt risks are not increasing by local bonds. However, the increase of project bonds should be detected as a risk source because they are not included in the public finance budgets. The increased volume of project bonds does not necessarily represent the increase of profitable projects. In addition, the local bonds should reflect their own risks but it is highly doubted in that all the local bonds so far have been issued with AAA grade. We found, however that the local bonds’ face values are related to their debt level at least to some degree. The transactions of local bonds are not active and done mostly by state owned banks. This kind of exclusive transactions are mirroring the unique characteristics of China’s financial sector and will not change in the near future.

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This paper studies the awareness of consumer rights protection in China. Since China entered the era of full consumption in 1993, the level of Chinese consumers has improved roundly, and the total consumption has risen sharply while the issue of consumer rights protection has been highlighted. The purpose of this paper is to understand the current level of awareness of Chinese consumers rights and consciousness through the investigation of Chinese consumers, and the impact of consumer awareness on the protection of consumers rights and consciousness through the cognitive pathways and also how the awareness of consumer rights protection influences on the level of consumer protection Through the collation and analysis of the reference documents, it is found that Chinese consumers usually obtain information related to consumer rights protection through public opinion reports, education and learning, etc., and the acquisition of information is the most effective way to enhance the awareness of consumer rights protection, while the awareness of the protection of rights and consciousness will affect the protection level. Therefore, this paper studies the problem by raising a hypothesis and designing a model. Through analysis, we confirm that the public opinion report and education in the cognitive path have a significant impact on the protection of consumer rights. Secondly, the analysis results show that the right to know, fair trading rights and supervision rights in the awareness of consumer rights protection have a significant impact on the protection level. Therefore, this means that the effective dissemination of consumer rights protection information is extremely important. More abundant methods of communication and more effective tools of communication can have a better effect on raising awareness of consumer rights protection. The improvement of the awareness of consumer rights protection will increase the demand for the protection of consumers rights and consciousness, which will improve the overall consumption environment in China and the protection of consumers’ rights and consciousness. Therefore, China should pay more attention in these areas to enhance the overall consumption level of China.

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In this research, images of journalists, in 7 Chinese and Korean movies or TV dramas each, were classified and analyzed, and then their symbolic meanings were explored. The images of journalists could be classified into five types: journalists who seek personal interest; journalists who remain silent to survive; journalists who try to redeem themselves; journalists who are plagued by the sense of guilt in morality; journalists who are heroically dedicated to justice. Both Chinese and Korean movies or TV dramas have tried to construct a reversal of the images of journalists from “bad” to “good”, to cater to the public’s idealistic identification of the press and journalists. The expectation of the society is so high that the journalists in the movies would all become “heroic and dedicated to justice” in the end. On the other hand, there’s a chance that this kind of reversal naturalizes and depoliticalizes the actual social conflicts like ethical problems, and power struggle. The comparison of the journalists in Chinese and Korean movies and TV dramas reveals that they are different in the variety of personalities, and they have dissimilar anxiety, and the two societies hold distinct expectations of media workers. Both countries are producing an increasing number of movies and TV dramas related with journalists. Movies and TV dramas could be a good indicator of how well the journalists are speaking for people as a media, what the social expectation is, and what the relation between the society and the press is like.

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This study compared the social networks of China and Taiwan with some facts. The main results are summarized as follows. First of all, when comparing China and Taiwan in relation to the perception of life satisfaction and achievement of goals, Taiwan, which has a relatively high economic level, appears to be higher than China in overall life satisfaction. This was appearing higher than Taiwan. Looking at subjective health status and level of perception of household balance, it was found that Taiwan and China were good. We believe that the state of health is a result of reflecting the situation closely related to the economic level. Next, when looking at the perceptions related to the income gap, the recognition level of the need to bridge the gap was also relatively high in China and Taiwan, where the perception of the excessive income gap was relatively high. At the level of recognition of government responsibility for bridging the gap, China, a socialist country, was relatively strong, while Taiwan, a liberal state, was relatively weak. Next, in terms of social isolation-related perception, China was relatively high in isolation-related perception, and Taiwan was relatively low. It can be seen that there is a difference in perception related to social isolation between China and Taiwan, which can be regarded as the same culture. In conclusion, China and Taiwan’s social network is considered to be a situation where Taiwan, which is better than China at the economic level, is particularly superior to China in social networks.

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Due to their unique historical and cultural traditions, judicial means are not the best choice to settle disputes, but prefer to apply folk customary law and folk dispute settlement mechanism. In the current judicial practice in minority areas, in order to avoid the more serious harmful consequences caused by the strict conclusion of cases in accordance with the law, civil mediation and the real appeals of the parties have in fact become an important factor hidden in the sentencing process of judicial organs. However, this practice also causes the national law and the judicial system to be subjected to the shock and the challenge. In order to meet the actual needs of dispute settlement in ethnic areas, procuratorates have actively explored the establishment of a new type of working mechanism of prosecutorial docking, which incorporates customary law and civil mediation into the national legal system through a statutory formal system. The positive interactions between the two parties have fundamentally resolved contradictions and disputes and repaired social relations. Promoting the prosecutorial docking mechanism in ethnic areas is the respect and absorption of national traditions and “harmonious culture” by national laws, and can effectively resolve the three major contradictions faced by the judicial work in ethnic areas, including the contradiction between the national law and the customary law of ethnic minorities, the contradiction between the formal justice of the law and the social effect, and the contradiction between normal judicial activities and “judicial absence” and “secondary justice”. The implementation of the prosecutorial docking mechanism in ethnic minority areas is feasible and necessary both in theory and in practice, but it also faces corresponding difficulties and obstacles. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the types of cases applicable to the prosecutorial docking mechanism, confirm the effectiveness of the mediation agreement reached under the prosecutorial docking mechanism, and improve the application of laws and regulations to the prosecutorial docking mechanism to maximize the function of the prosecutorial docking mechanism.

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