This study aims to analyze the developmental trajectory of China’s shipbuilding industry within the historical context of escalating US-China strategic competition. Given that the shipbuilding industry is highly sensitive to global economic fluctuations and characterized by capital and labor intensity, strategic crisis responses are critical for industrial sustainability. Unlike the developmental state models of Japan and South Korea, China’s shipbuilding industry expanded through market liberalization and private-sector-led competition, both prior to the 2000s and following the Reform and Opening-up. However, facing the slowdown of high-speed growth and the prolonged recession following the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the Chinese government fundamentally shifted its stance toward active state-led industrial policies. The study examines this transition across two distinct phases. First, during the post-crisis recession, a strategy to foster “National Champion” enterprises through restructuring and mergers and acquisitions was pursued to enhance industrial efficiency and market concentration. Second, as US-China competition intensified, China adopted an advanced strategy to secure global leadership by preempting technical standards in eco-friendly and smart technologies and moving beyond mere quantitative expansion. Consequently, this research investigates the two-stage transformation of China's strategic development in the shipbuilding industry based on historical context and discusses the specificities and implications of China's industrial policy. In response to the global financial crisis and the escalation of U.S.–China strategic competition, China’s industrial policy has been reorganized beyond a focus on production dominance toward a strategy centered on the preemptive acquisition of global technological standards.

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This study analyzes the legal structure and practical limitations of China’s AI-based trademark examination system introduced by the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA). While AI technologies—including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for image recognition and Natural Language Processing (NLP)—have significantly improved examination speed and consistency, they also create fundamental tensions with traditional trademark law principles and administrative law requirements. The core issue lies in the gap between AI’s technical “factual analysis” and trademark law’s inherent demand for “normative judgment.” Through analysis of specific misclassification cases, this study identifies risks of administrative discretion abdication and judgment deviation when examiners uncritically accept AI-generated results without normative reinterpretation. To address the algorithmic “black box” problem that weakens applicants’ procedural defense rights, this study proposes the introduction of Explainable AI (XAI) and strengthened reasoning requirements. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to establish a multi-layered accountability framework among examiners, administrative agencies, and technology developers to ensure administrative responsibility and public trust. Ultimately, AI must function as an “intelligent assistant” supporting human examiners’ expertise, rather than as the final decision-maker. A “Human-in-the-loop” governance model must be legally and institutionally secured to prevent technological efficiency from undermining the rule of law. This analysis provides legal guidelines for nations designing intelligent intellectual property administration systems.

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This study aims to analyze how China’s smart manufacturing policies and legal framework institutionally support the growth of the manufacturing sector through their structural design and functional mechanisms amid global industrial restructuring and intensified technological competition, and to derive policy implications based on this analysis. China has designated smart manufacturing as a core national strategy through initiatives such as Made in China 2025 and the 14th Five-Year Plan, and has promoted the digitalization and intelligent transformation of manufacturing by functionally integrating multiple legal instruments, including the Science and Technology Progress Law, the Standardization Law, the Product Quality Law, and data-related legislation. These legal frameworks play a key role in ensuring the continuity and enforceability of smart manufacturing policies by facilitating technological innovation, promoting the industrialization of technological achievements, strengthening standards and quality regulation, and establishing governance systems for data and platforms. This study examines the characteristics of China’s smart manufacturing legal framework as an industrial legal system closely aligned with national strategies, and analyzes the impacts of mandatory standards and strengthened data regulation on small-scale manufacturers and other small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Furthermore, based on the Chinese case, this study presents policy implications suggesting that Korea’s policies for small-scale manufacturers should move beyond a finance-centered support approach and evolve toward a legal framework capable of stably supporting smart manufacturing and digital transformation. This study contributes to the literature by approaching smart manufacturing not merely as a matter of technological adoption or policy programs, but as a comprehensive legal and policy response to structural changes in the industrial landscape.

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As the global AI(Artificial Intelligence) industry grows and its use becomes more widespread among the general public, the need for data centers continues to increase. The rapid increase in data centers has led to a variety of related problems. Environmental issues such as power consumption – accounting for 1.5% of global electricity use – carbon emissions generated from power production, and cooling water usage have emerged, making it a critical time to consider sustainability. To address these issues, many countries have emphasized the need to establish eco-friendly green data centers. Although China is among the leading countries in the rapid expansion of data centers that raise environmental pollution concerns, it is also among the top in transitioning to green data centers capable of addressing climate issues. Through initiatives such as the China’s East-West computing Resources Integration Project, which promotes consolidation, the Special Action Plan for Green and Low-Carbon Development of Data Centers aimed at improving energy efficiency, standardized national management, and revisions to energy laws, China is demonstrating proper development of green data centers. Unlike China, Republic of Korea is falling behind in the development of global green data centers due to inadequate and insufficient realated systems and policies. Therefore, this study aims to analyze China’s advanced policies and legal systems related to green data centers and to provide implication for the development of relevant policies and legal frameworks in Korea.

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Based on nationally representative public opinion survey data collected in South Korea in 2024, this study systematically analyzes Korean public perceptions of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the mechanisms shaping those perceptions. The findings reveal a paradoxical cognitive pattern characterized by the coexistence of relatively high awareness and deep-seated misunderstanding. On the one hand, the overall cognitive foundation remains weak: more than half of respondents lack a clear understanding of the BRI, with limited knowledge of its basic content, developmental objectives, and potential impacts. Information acquisition is uneven, and public familiarity with the policy background and strategic intentions of the initiative remains insufficient, resulting in a fragile overall cognitive framework. On the other hand, groups with comparatively higher levels of awareness—such as men, individuals with higher educational attainment, and the baby boomer generation—are more likely to accept negative narrative frames that interpret the BRI as a tool for China to expand its global influence and pursue hegemony. This indicates a non-linear relationship between knowledge level and attitudes and reflects the effects of selective information exposure and preexisting cognitive biases. Further analysis demonstrates that political orientation, generational differences, and direct experience with China are key variables shaping public perceptions. Respondents with progressive political orientations, members of the MZ generation, and those with experience living, studying, or working in China exhibit significantly more positive evaluations of the BRI. In contrast, conservative groups and individuals without direct China-related experience tend to adopt skeptical or defensive attitudes, suggesting that perceptions are influenced not only by individual characteristics but also by socialization processes and cross-national contact. The study also finds that the cognitive challenges surrounding the BRI in South Korea stem from the combined effects of domestic political polarization, a specific information ecosystem, and Sino–U.S. strategic competition, producing a complex, multidimensional perception structure marked by both information deficits and systematic misinterpretations. This study concludes that while overall public awareness of the BRI in South Korea remains low, groups with progressive orientations, higher educational levels, and China-related experience demonstrate greater openness. Korean public attitudes toward future cooperation are ambivalent and shaped by domestic political polarization, information environments, and geopolitical rivalry. To improve public understanding, this study proposes differentiated strategies: for groups already exposed to the initiative but influenced by negative narratives, concrete facts and empirical data should be employed to clarify misconceptions and challenge entrenched cognitive frames; meanwhile, greater emphasis should be placed on “key groups” such as progressives, younger generations, and business communities that have shown relative openness, by expanding direct exchanges and experiential contact. Through people-to-people connectivity, such efforts may help alleviate strategic anxieties and gradually foster a more balanced, objective, and interest-based perception of the BRI. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the challenges of mutual public trust between China and South Korea and offers strategic implications for targeted communication and sustainable cooperation under the BRI framework.

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Improving export resilience has become a pivotal factor in navigating ongoing transformations in the global trade landscape, which are characterized by escalating geopolitical conflicts, accelerated supply chain restructuring, and rising trade protectionism. It is therefore essential to advance the high-quality development of China’s foreign trade and consolidate its competitive position in the global trade system. From the perspective of informal institutions, this study investigates the mechanisms through which social capital influences export resilience, given that social capital, as a core carrier of informal institutions, plays a crucial role in reducing transaction costs and facilitating resource flow. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities covering the period 2009–2022, regional export resilience is measured through using the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, which effectively quantifies recovery capacity and fluctuation adjustment capacity by separating the trend and fluctuation components of export growth. Social capital levels are measured using the entropy method, an objective weighting approach covering cognitive, bonding, and linking dimensions to avoid subjective biases. Empirical analyses are then conducted to examine the impact and underlying pathways of social capital on export resilience, with control variables such as openness, government intervention, and financial development included to enhance reliability. The results show that social capital significantly enhances export resilience, and this finding remains robust under stability tests that including core variable replacement and endogeneity control. The mechanism analysis further reveals that industrial upgrading and innovation capacity serve as key mediating mechanisms. Moreover, the heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the influence of social capital varies considerably across regions at different levels of economic development. The effects of individual dimensions of social capital also exhibit differentiation. Based on these findings, this study proposes targeted policy recommendations, including fostering and guiding the development of social capital, providing differentiated support for various type of social capital, and establishing cross-regional experience-sharing mechanisms to enhance China’s overall export resilience.

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Under the background of urban renewal in China, enhancing urban landscape has become an important strategy for reconstructing spatial resources and achieving sustainable development. With the process of urbanization shifting from incremental expansion to stock optimization, as of 2020, the built-up area of cities has reached 62000 square kilometers, and the proportion of stock construction land exceeds 60%. Urban renewal urgently needs to promote the coordinated regeneration of multidimensional values such as ecology, culture, and society through landscape enhancement. At present, research on urban landscape improvement presents a multidimensional goal framework of ecological restoration, cultural continuity, functional optimization, and social integration. However, there is still a systematic disconnect between theory and practice, manifested in the conflict between ecological protection and development orientation, the lack of regional characteristics caused by standardized design, and the absence of public participation mechanisms. This study first introduces relevant concepts and theories, including the connotation, development stages, and policy orientation of urban renewal, the target dimensions of urban landscape improvement, and the theoretical basis of urban renewal and landscape synergy. Then, the current situation of urban landscape improvement in China was analyzed, and practical progress and typical models such as scene activation of historical and cultural blocks, landscape regeneration of industrial relics, and public space reconstruction of old communities were elaborated. The existing core contradictions and challenges were also analyzed. At the same time, the landscape regeneration strategies in European urban renewal, the experience of public space creation in the US High Line Park model, and the refined landscape design of compact cities in Japan were analyzed and summarized. The similarities and differences between these strategies and the landscape improvement ideas of Chinese cities were explained, and valuable experiences were summarized for reference. Finally, summarizing the research content, the conclusion is drawn that China's urban landscape improvement has formed a practical framework with local characteristics, but breakthrough innovation is still needed in theoretical construction and implementation paths. Design strategies need to break through traditional engineering thinking and establish a collaborative mechanism for ecological restoration, cultural inheritance, functional optimization, and social governance. Based on the current situation and needs of landscape improvement in the context of urban renewal, suggestions are proposed to improve the policy system and institutional framework for urban renewal, strengthen the integration and application of technology with ecological priority orientation, deepen innovation in community governance and public participation mechanisms, promote local practice paths for cultural inheritance, build a smart technology support system, and strengthen the localization and transformation of international experience. The study of urban landscape enhancement is a long-term and dynamic research work that requires timely sorting, summarizing experience, and guiding research directions. Through the synergistic effect of institutional innovation, technological innovation, and governance system reform, China's urban renewal is expected to form a localized landscape optimization paradigm, and output Chinese solutions for the sustainable development of global cities.

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This study adopts a constructivist perspective in International Relations to examine the co-constructive mechanism between China's ‘role perception’ and ‘norm formation’ in global governance. Using the concept of the "Community of Shared Future for Mankind" as a core case, it explores how this idea is institutionalized and how it shapes China’s national role perception in global governance practices. The analysis focuses on two key aspects: first, how the idea draws on Confucian cultural resources, such as ‘relationality’ and ‘harmony,’ to construct a global normative narrative; and second, how this normative narrative gradually consolidates China’s role perception as a ‘responsible major power’ through multilateral diplomacy, institutional creation, and discursive practices. China's engagement in global governance is not only a strategic choice but also a progressive process of role perception and norm construction. This research contributes to an expanded understanding of China’s dynamic identity in diplomacy and validates the explanatory power of constructivist theory in non-Western contexts.

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As a representative form of traditional Chinese silk weaving, Nanjing Yunjin combines sophisticated hand-operated drawloom techniques with a highly institutionalized court visual tradition. Its patterns function not merely as decorative motifs but as a stabilized visual sign system formed through historical production and cultural practice. Drawing on Ferdinand de Saussure’s semiotic framework of the signifier–signified dyad, this study conceptualizes Nanjing Yunjin patterns as integrated signs constituted by visual representation and cultural meaning. The analysis proceeds from three dimensions: image typology, visual structure, and mechanisms of meaning generation. First, the applicability of semiotic methods to the study of traditional textile imagery is examined. The patterns are then categorized into three major image genealogies: natural symbolic motifs, human-constructed forms, and sacred or belief-oriented representations. At the level of the signified, the study reveals the cultural meanings embedded in these patterns, including ideals of personality and conceptions of life, ethical norms and ritual order, as well as religious beliefs and cosmological cognition. The findings indicate that natural symbolic motifs transform plants, animals, and natural imagery into visual carriers of value ideals and political concepts through cultural translation strategies such as metaphor, homophony, and symbolism. Human-constructed forms encode social order and ritual structure through the use of text, figures, and compositional rules, while sacred motifs employ standardized representations of religious objects and sacred totems to ensure the symbolic presence of belief systems and the legitimacy of authority within ritual contexts. Methodologically, this study supplements existing research that has primarily focused on craft history and intangible cultural heritage policies by introducing a semiotic perspective, and situates Nanjing Yunjin within the broader context of East Asian court textiles and visual culture exchange. The research offers theoretical insights for the interpretation of traditional textile imagery and provides references for contemporary design transformation.

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Memorial facilities of the Soviet Army in China represent a transnational cultural landscape heritage of significant historical and diplomatic value. This study introduces the theory of "landscape genes" and, by integrating the four historical stages of Soviet military operations within China, systematically identifies and analyzes the landscape gene characteristics of such facilities. The research constructs an indicator system encompassing four dimensions: architectural form and structure, layout and site selection, artistic features, and landscape ambiance. It identifies a core gene sequence characterized by the axial layout of the obelisk, decorative symbols such as the red star, and narratives of internationalism, thereby establishing a landscape gene identification map. In response to the current state of heritage conservation, protective strategies are proposed. The findings not only provide a scientific basis for the systematic preservation of this heritage but also offer methodological references for comparative studies on modern historical memory landscapes in East Asia.

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