This paper analyses the efficiency of the FDI manufacturing industries from 2003-2021 using the BCC model and the Malmquist index in both static and dynamic terms. And this paper divides the FDI manufacturing industries from 2003-2021 into two periods, the before period is the completion of the corporate income tax reform 2003-2012, and the after period is the completion of the corporate income tax reform 2013-2021. From a static perspective, the average of technical efficiency in 2003 was 0.686, the average of pure technical efficiency was 0.700 and the average of scale efficiency was 0.983. The average technical efficiency in 2021 is 0.773, the average pure technical efficiency is 0.842 and the average scale efficiency is 0.923. The average technical efficiency of the industries in 2021 is higher than the average technical efficiency of the industries in 2003, mainly due to the improvement in the average pure technical efficiency of the industries. Most of the FDI manufacturing industries in 2003 and 2021 have low levels of technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency. From a dynamic perspective, the average Malmquist index for 2003-2012 is 1.035, with a 3.5% increase in the efficiency of the FDI manufacturing sector. the average Malmquist index for 2013-2021 is 1.002, with a 0.2% increase in the efficiency of the FDI manufacturing sector. This indicates a better improvement in efficiency in the period before the completion of the corporate income tax reform than in the period after the completion of the corporate income tax reform. The average Malmquist index for the 23 industries in the manufacturing sector from 2003-2021 is 1.019, indicating a 1.9% increase in efficiency in FDI manufacturing industries. Efficiency increased in 19 of the 23 industries and decreased in 4 industries between 2003 and 2021, indicating that efficiency in most of China's FDI manufacturing industries is increasing.

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With the recent spread of protectionism and deglobalization, anti-China sentiment is rising around the world. Frequent geopolitical conflicts have a growing impact on Chinese companies' overseas investment, but few in-depth studies have been conducted on this issue. This paper empirically analyzes the impact of bilateral political relations on the performance of Chinese MNEs based on the panel data of 552 Chinese overseas subsidiaries from 2012 to 2021. Also, it analyzes the role of ‘the favorable impression towards China’ and ‘the uncertainty of the host country's economic policy’. The results of the study shows: ① the bilateral political relationship has a significant positive correlation with the overseas performance of MNEs. ② favorability toward the home country (China) plays a mediating role. In other words, the improvement of bilateral political relations can increase the favorability toward China, which can enhance the performance of Chinese companies. ③ the host country's economic policy uncertainty has a negative moderating effect. This paper expands the scope of international management by integrating macro and micro factors into the same research framework and presents practical proposals to multinational corporations.

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Vigorously promoting the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy is of great significance for achieving the goal of high-quality economic development. Based on the data from China City Yearbook and Guotai'an listed service enterprises from 2013 to 2021, this paper explores whether and how digital technology affects the high-quality development of the regional economy from the two dimensions of new service formats and service industry chain resilience. The empirical results show that digital technology significantly promotes the high-quality development of the regional economy, which the continuous tests of endogeneity and robustness have fully verified. Further, the mechanism analysis shows that digital technology promotes new service formats to create more local employment opportunities, and enhances the resilience of the service industry chain, decentralized supplier channels and other ways to promote regional high-quality development. This paper distinguishes between producer and life services as the focus of service industry upgrading. It combines with China's practice to better refine the path choice of service industry upgrading, which also provides theoretical solid support for service industry upgrading and expansion. This study also provides empirical evidence for vigorously developing digital technology, activating the vitality of the digital economy and high-quality development of the regional economy.

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The Personal Information Protection Law, which can be said to be the basic law of China's personal information protection system, was passed by the Standing Committee of the 13th Chinese National People's Congress on August 20, 2021, and will be officially entered into force on November 1, 2021. It has the significance that the China’s basic legal system related to cyber information, data management and protection of personal information has been completely organized by integrating the contents related to personal information protection scattered in various laws such as the Chinese Civil Code, the Network Security Law, the Information Safety Law, etc. EU's new version of personal information protection law, GDPR, came into effect formally starting from May 25, 2018. Compared to GDPR, China’s Personal Information Protection Law is mostly similar to the former in many respects such as definition and application of personal information, principles of personal information processing, guarantee of the rights of the subject of personal information, provision regarding consent and withdrawal of personal information processing, international transfer of personal information, protection of personal information through application of new technology, penalty provisions for violation, etc. The Chinese law, however, differs from EU in the following points: the scope of sensitive personal information is wider, personal information processing is possible without prior notice in case of public safety incidents, and sanctions for violation of laws are stricter and broader than GDPR. As the digital economy is accelerating in the era of the 4th industrial revolution, and the issues related to personal information processing and transfer are expected to increase in the future, Korean companies need efforts to understand and respond to the China's Personal Information Protection Law in advance.

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The international society adopted the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the Paris agreement in 2015 after signing on the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNFCCC) in June 1992 to cope with the problem of climate change according to global warming. The Paris agreement is expected to be enacted in January 2021 and aims to maintain the increase of the average temperature of the earth by lower than two degrees through the reduction of greenhouse emissions and limit it to 1.5 degrees. Thus, all countries that signed on the Paris agreement are given the duty to make an effort to reduce greenhouse gas voluntarily. China is a country directly involved in joining the Paris agreement, making a lot of effort to keep the promise of the implementation by setting the objective of the reduction of carbon dioxide to 60 to 65% compared to that as of 2005 by 2030. In particular, it is operating carbon emissions trading exchanges in eight provinces and cities, adopting the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme in 2013, and carbon emissions trading is actively done. Also, China has enacted laws and technical norms, such as “Carbon Emission Report Management Measures” and “Interim Measures for the Management of Carbon Emissions Trading” as the laws related to carbon emissions trading and is gathering opinions, announcing “Interim Regulations on the Management of Carbon Emissions Trading” on April 3, 2019 to standardize carbon emissions trading, improve the control and management of greenhouse gas emissions, promote the ecological civilization and promote the sustainable development of the economic society. Based on the Chinese government’s effort, as China showed a clear decreasing tendency of greenhouse gas emissions since 2015, China is putting spur to the preparation of legislation and the maintenance of the system to further expand the carbon emissions trading market nationwide. Meanwhile, after the Paris agreement came into effect in 2021, each country should make a lot of effort to implement the reduction objectives set by itself, and the Republic of Korea, a country directly involved in that cannot be an exception. Currently, the Republic of Korea also operating the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme in the same form as that of China; however, it is not revitalized due to a few circumstances. And yet, it is judged that centering around the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme, investigating China’s laws related to climate change response and making an active effort to revitalize the Republic of Korea’s carbon emissions trading market, analyzing the operation status. will help implement the duty to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.

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With the rapid development of internet-related industry including platform companies in China, a lack of legislation from the existing ‘the Data Security Law’ and ‘the Network Security Law’ has led to increase the information infringement. Given this situation, the Personal Information Protection Law has been passed to complement the existing law, which is assessed for the start of “Personal Information protection Law 2.0” era. The law was approved in 2021 and was characterized by the enhancement of regulation regarding to the internet platform providers, such as big-tech companies. It includes strict regulations, which is similar to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe. With the enforcement of ‘Personal Information Protection Law’ in 2021, China has enhanced the legal basis of the cyber security and built the foundation of diplomatic means. With these changes, it is expected that China would increase state control over data-related issues. Comparing to other countries, the China’s law is characterized by weakening the role of public institutions and strengthening the control of the central government. Importantly, the law would protect not only the information subjects, but also political considerations, national security, economic policy, and information technology (IT) industrial policy.

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China’s digital economy is growing rapidly and its share of GDP rose to about 40% in 2021. The digital economy is becoming new growth engine for China and COVID-19 has sped up digital transformation. This study examines the definition, framework and measurement of China’s digital economy. In China, digital economy is defined as digital industrialization, Industry digitization, digital governance, and data valuelization development. Digital industrialization is ICT industry and Industry digitization refers to the production quantity and efficiency improvement brought by the application of digital technology in traditional industries such as smart agriculture and smart manufacturing. According to this definition, the National Bureau of Statistics of China classifies the digital economy into digital industrialization and industrial digitalization to measure the value added at each digital industry level for National Accounts. In measuring industry digitization that is difficult to capture in economic statistics, CAICT use the growth accounting framework (KLEMS). The scale of the digital economy is the sum of digital industrialization and industry digitalization. Based on China’s rapid digital transformation that affects rules of world digital trade and global digital economy, it derives some implications for Korea.

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This research aims to empirically investigate the impact of population aging on the savings rate through the case of China, taking into account the heterogeneity between rural and urban areas. Data was collected from 2011 to 2021 for 31 provinces in China, and a panel dataset was constructed by separating the data into urban and rural categories for each province. The analysis utilized variables such as the elderly ratio, savings rate, income level, and social security spending for both rural and urban areas of each province, applying a panel fixed-effect model. The results revealed that the pattern of savings rates differs between rural and urban areas as aging progresses. Specifically, an increase in the elderly ratio, i.e., the level of aging, leads to an increase in the savings rate in urban areas but a decrease in rural areas. Additionally, the rate of change in savings rates significantly increases with the acceleration of aging. The increase in social security expenditures reduces the savings rate in all regions, but this effect is more pronounced in rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the different directions and sensitivities of savings rate due to aging in rural and urban areas when implementing policies. Moreover, the study suggests that to increase the savings rate, there should be a focus on enhancing productivity to boost labor income in rural areas.

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The 4th industrial revolution and COVID-19 accelerated the spread of untact meeting and digitization in all the fields of society, accordingly, small sellers' dependence on online distribution also increased rapidly. Although the platform companies such as Kakao, Naver, Coupang, and other delivery apps make our lives to be more convenient, on the other hand, they are a major cause of various unfairness using their monopoly position and the harmful effects of monopoly. This phenomenon has not been limited to Korea, but has been observed commonly all over the world, and each government is seeking the development of legal solutions to the issue of monopoly on online platform. In particular, 2020 is a year when online platform companies showed remarkable strides during COVID-19 crisis, while the issue of monopoly of such companies has been raised and movements to correct it have spread in many countries. In Korea, when the unfair trade practices of online platform companies became controversial, the government sought a policy for digital fair economy and, in January 2021, pre-announced the legislation of an Act on Online Platform Fairness. However, the Act on Online Platform Fairness has not yet been passed due to the disagreement between the positions of protecting small businesses and of regulating platform. However, the Act on Online Platform Fairness has not yet been passed due to the disagreement between the positions of protecting small businesses and of regulating platform. If a plan for coexistence between platform operators and small business owners appropriate for the environment of expanding the online platform market is not established in the near future, not only will small business owners be forced out of competition by giant platform operators, but there is also concern that there will be no means to prevent the abuse of authority and unfair trade by platform operators in the future. Considering this, legislative measures by China government, including rationalization of legal system on the fairness of online platforms, suggest many points. Recently, the Chinese government has announced several measures to regulate monopoly and unfair competition in the online platform industry in China, and is in the process of systematizing related laws. Other majour countries are also pursuing these measures. Although the discussions on the direction of online platform regulation will continue in the future, global efforts to protect fair trade within the digital economy will also continue. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was, for the provision of basic data to the development of small business protection policy, to identify the main contents and issues of legislations on online platform fairness of China, a country that has shifted, ahead of us, from fostering to regulating online platform industry and to draw timely implications.

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This paper summarized the characteristics of the five-plan from the first five-year plan to the thirteenth five-year plan, and analyzed the implication and characteristics of the fourteenth five-year plan. China economy make rapid growth based on the five-year plan. But the internal and external environment more and more worse, and the China economic growth faced to the structural problems. In particular, the income inequality, urban and rural development disparity, state ownership sector and non-state ownership sector’s structure contradiction need to improve. To these problem, the fourteenth five-year plan will drive three development strategy, that is, welfare improvement, classification of government and market role, increasing the innovation capacity. Korea need to analyze the China’s fourteenth five-year plan, and need to try finding the cooperation’s chance. This paper suggests three implications, manufacturing specialization expand, using one belt and one road strategy, and the domestic market expand.

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