This study aims to project the future trajectory of North Korea-China relations by analyzing the factors that facilitate or constrain the 'strategic cooperation' between North Korea and China during the Xi Jinping-Kim Jong Un era. To this end, the factors that facilitate or constrain strategic cooperation between North Korea and China are analyzed at three levels: structural, bilateral relations, and domestic political dimensions. The analysis results indicate that the structural dimension, exemplified by the intensification of the U.S.-China strategic competition and the Russia-Ukraine war, has had the greatest impact in promoting 'strategic cooperation' between North Korea and China. Conversely, the factors that constrain 'strategic cooperation' between North Korea and China include the lack of mutual 'strategic trust' in the bilateral relations dimension and domestic factors such as China's 'great power' identity and North Korea's 'de facto nuclear state' identity. This implies that the stronger the structural factors such as the U.S.-China strategic competition and the Russia-Ukraine war become, the more likely it is to promote strategic cooperation between North Korea and China. Conversely, the more influence bilateral relations and domestic factors have, the more likely they are to constrain strategic cooperation between North Korea and China. Considering that North Korea has actively utilized its geopolitical value and 'great power politics' to stabilize its regime and address economic difficulties, it is highly likely that the Kim Jong Un regime will also utilize North Korea-China 'strategic cooperation' in its so-called 'survival strategy.' From South Korea's perspective, it is necessary to prepare for the ripple effects that various factors promoting or constraining strategic cooperation between North Korea and China might have on its foreign policy.

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This paper attempts to demonstrate that China was a traditional commercial state and that the nature of a commercial state is the biggest determinant of China's behavior, starting with the question of why there is a gap between the ideology of reciprocity advocated by China's Belt and Road Initiative and the actual China-centered behavior. China has traditionally been a commercial state in which the state pursues profit through commercial activities in a monopolistic position, and commercial state attributes are the most important factors defining the state character of modern China. Since the reform and opening up, China's top priority has been economic growth, and the Chinese Communist Party has been committed to economic development through the Taoguangyanghui(韬光养晦) and the principle of non-interference in disputes. This means that China does not intervene in disputes that are not related to its own interests, does not intervene in the political situation of trading countries in the name of non-interference in internal affairs, and continues to invest and trade with rogue countries as long as it is favorable to its interests. China's commercial state behavior, which is currently being demonstrated during the Belt and Road Initiative, is being criticized for its excessive self-interest-centered behavior. China's leadership based on shared growth and horizontal governance is also being questioned and criticized. This is because the dream of practicing traditional ideology of “Yili(義利)” and “Wangdao(王道정치)” politics created the ideology of "共商, 共建, 共享" and expanded the scope of profit sharing beyond the country's borders, but it clashed with the dominance of China's commercial state attributes that prioritize economic profit. Ultimately, through an analysis of the attributes of the Chinese state, this paper finds that China's global strategy is more focused on economic growth than on values and ideas, and that it differs from the global leadership of the United States, which was based on the ideological values of freedom and democracy.

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Law of the People’s Republic of China on Guarding State Secrets, first enacted in September 1988, was first revised on April 29, 2010, second revised on February 27, 2024, and has been officially implemented since May 1 of the same year. As a socialist country, China has from early on valued national security, is placing greater emphasis on and strengthening related legislation since particularly after the trade dispute started between the US and China following inauguration of the Trump administration in 2018. Law on the Guarding of State Secrets, revised for the second time in 2024, consists of a total of 6 chapters and 65 articles, and is further elaborated in terms of the scope and classification system of national secrets, confidentiality system and management supervision, violation and scope, and legal responsibility. It contains expanded content compared to before. Law on the Guarding of State Secrets is compatible with the ‘Anti-Espionage Law’ and constitutes an important part of China's national security system. Violation of the Law on the Guarding of State Secrets may result in legal punishment as well as criminal liability, and this may have a significant impact not only on personal safety but also on corporate management, thus requiring special attention and caution. For Korean investment companies operating in China, it has become more important to reduce risks and conduct stable business activities through a thorough understanding of the Law on the Guarding of State Secrets and efforts to respond in advance.

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The goal of this study is to analyze the real estate ownership system and legal framework for real estate foreign investors in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and to draw insights relevant to ongoing discussions in Korea. According to China's current legal framework, land ownership is vested exclusively in the State and Collective Organizations. As a result, foreign entities and individuals are not permitted to acquire land ownership but may obtain land use rights. It is important to note that these restrictions apply equally to domestic citizens and organizations, indicating that the limitations are not specifically directed towards foreign investors. In the case of houses and buildings, because of the existence of certain restrictions, foreign entities and individuals are not barred from purchasing these properties. This is important when addressing or correcting any misunderstandings about the PRC's real estate system that may exist in Korea. In recent years, a rapid increase in real estate acquisitions by foreigners has sparked active debate in Korea, encompassing a wide range of perspectives. Some argue that restrictions should be imposed on the purchase of real estate by foreign entities and individuals, while others contend that such measures could violate the principle of reciprocity recognized in international law. Both Korea and China face the challenge of limited available land for their large populations, making real estate a critical aspect in the lives of individuals. It is essential to consider legal restrictions on the purchase of domestic real estate by foreign individuals and entities in Korea. Given this shared concern, China's policy, which permits foreigners to purchase only one property for the purpose of residence, could serve as a valuable reference for formulating similar measures in Korea.

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The real estate industry in China has undergone rapid expansion since the commercialization and marketization measures of the housing market in 1998. Particularly during periods of economic downturn and crisis, real estate has been utilized as a primary tool for economic recovery, leading to an expansion in market size, with widespread oversupply and price bubbles forming as a result. This outcome is closely related to the debt-dependent management structure of real estate companies. When regulatory measures aimed at improving financial soundness, these companies may face short-term liquidity pressures, revealing the risks of default and bankruptcy. Taking these concerns into account, China has recently focused on preemptively preventing systemic risks arising from the real estate sector, despite the overall market downturn. The ‘Three Red Lines Regulation’, introduced to correct the excessive debt management of real estate companies and enhance financial soundness, is seen as a measure aimed at preventing these risks. This study aims to analyze the changes in real estate sector policies and examine the impact of the ‘Three Red Lines Regulation’ on the debt repayment ability of real estate companies by tracking changes in relevant key indicators. Chapter 3 reviews the general status of the Chinese real estate market and the changes in policies within the real estate sector. This chapter confirms that excessive concentration of credit resources in real estate, the debt-dependent management structure of real estate companies, and the vulnerability of private Chinese companies in the real estate sector have ultimately led to a shift in policy direction as the authorities became more aware of the risks in the real estate sector. Chapter 4 of this study explores the impact of the ‘Three Red Lines Regulation’, implemented amidst changing perceptions and policy directions in the Chinese real estate market, on key indicators of debt repayment ability, such as the interest coverage ratio of major real estate companies. This analysis was conducted using literature reviews, statistical analyses, and other quantitative methodologies, with references to data from sources such as the National Bureau of Statistics of China, Wind, the People's Bank of China, and academic materials. The results of this study first confirm that, instead of utilizing real estate as an economic stimulus tool with aggressive support measures during periods of economic downturn as in previous crises, China has shifted its policy focus toward risk control and stable management. Starting with the supply-side structural reform in 2015, China recognized the expansion of debt in the real estate sector as a major risk factor for the real economy, and in the Central Financial Work Conference of 2017, it placed special emphasis on preventing these risks. In the Central Economic Work Conferences of 2022 and 2023, China continued to focus on prevention and regulation, ensuring that no systemic risks originating from the real estate sector would emerge, with the ‘Three Red Lines Regulation’ being an extension of this policy direction. Regarding the impact of the ‘Three Red Lines Regulation’ on the debt repayment ability of real estate companies, it was observed that the cash flow and debt repayment capacity of many real estate companies, including Evergrande Group, weakened after the implementation of the regulation. This was confirmed through changes in trends across seven key indicators, such as the interest coverage ratio and cash ratio. However, this study did not fully explore the asset quality, distress levels, and overall risk in China's real estate market. Future research will focus on a more comprehensive assessment of these factors, including stress testing of major real estate companies.

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Since China emerged as the world's second-largest economy, competition between the US and China has been an important research topic in theoretical and practical fields. As the competition for technological hegemony between the two countries intensified, the US has continued to sanction Huawei, which leads China's high-tech industry. Due to the successive US sanctions, Huawei has experienced a sharp decline in sales and management difficulties but has overcome this situation through a change in management strategy. Accordingly, this study analyzed how the mechanism (M) created from Huawei's management subject (s), environment (e), and company-owned resources (r) worked in the era of US-China technological competition based on the Ser-M Framework. As a result of the analysis from the ser-M perspective, Huawei has actively invested in technology and critical talent based on the founder's leadership in response to the strengthened US government sanctions since 2019. Through this, Huawei successfully adapted to the changed situation by securing core technologies in the communications field and building its semiconductor supply chain while showing high growth potential in expanding its business areas. It is analyzed as a 'resource creation mechanism (S-R-E).' Accordingly, this paper aims to provide implications for Korean companies of the strategic shift taken by Huawei, which is at the center of the cutting-edge technology competition, to overcome the growing US sanctions on Chinese companies due to the intensifying competition between the US and China.

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In the era of deindustrialization around 2000, changes have been required in industrial economy-centered city development paradigm. In the process, as a sustainable city development strategy which takes society, economy, and environment into consideration, urban regeneration received attention. Especially, a cultural resource-oriented approach plays a major role in development into a culture city. Culture city is a concept which emphasizes value and meaning of cultural resources, cultural activities, and cultural life. It strengthens the city’s competitiveness utilizing local history, nature, ecology and local festival in cities where various cultures coexist. City of Beijing, an example in this study, is a representative culture city of China which preserves profound cultural heritage and cultural resources as a capital of history and tradition. In 2023, city of Beijing expanded spatial support for performing art industry promotion through government policy which was announced to develop ‘A City of Performing Art.’ Display and performing places settled down as representing Beijing are Beijing Yanjing Bajue Museum, Huabin Opera, comedy theaters which recycled old wooden buildings, and Taihu Performing Arts Workshop, a remodeled fish farm, which shows traditional Chinese plays. The example of culture city development offers an important model to other cities and shows possibilities of sustainable city development. Beyond economic growth of Beijing, it will contribute to the city’s identity intensification and international cultural exchange.

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Since the inauguration of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration, the ROK-US alliance has been upgraded, ROK-Japan relations have rapidly improved and the ROK-US-Japan trilateral security cooperation mechanism is being constructed. However, ROK-China relations have seen a setback, diplomacy was fraught with friction, and the high-level communications have also stalled. These circumstances indicate that the previous hedging strategy of ROK has changed. Now ROK has chosen Strategic clarity. This paper takes the reasons for foreign policy adjustment of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration as the research question. This paper uses the analytical framework of Neoclassical Realism. During the research, it was found that the space for ROK to maintain its hedging strategy has become smaller and as a result of being stimulated by the international system, opinions demanding strategic clarity in ROK have increased. Eventually, ROK made new foreign policy adjustments based on the dual factors of the international system and domestic politics.

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Online game addiction has become an significant factor hindering the healthy development of Chinese adolescents. This study aims to explore the changing topics in literature focused on the internet game addiction among young people in China, with the intention of proposing directions for academic focus and policy enactment. Using 781 articles published between 2001-2024 articles retrieved from the China Network Database. Using CiteSpace software, this study comprehensively reviews the development history, hot topics, and trends in research on online game addiction among Chinese adolescents from two dimensions: external characteristics (annual publication volume and research power distribution) and internal characteristics (keyword co-occurrence, clustering, timeline, and emergent themes). The research shows that the number of publications on online game addiction among Chinese adolescents has been steadily increasing; however, academic exchange between authors and research institutions needs to be strengthened. The hot topics include the current status and regulation of online games, causes of addiction, characterization of student groups, and clinical research. The future trend points towards a multidimensional framework for studying online game addiction. These findings provide a clear direction for subsequent studies and highlight the need to strengthen the academic exchange between authors and research institution. Additionally, they contribtue to the development of scientific research on online game additin among Chinese adolescence and provide evidence to support the enactment of new policy.

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This study aims to compare and analyze the roles of Chinese popular music education and traditional music education in the personal development of university students. Selecting students from comprehensive universities in China as research subjects, this study employs surveys and interviews to investigate differences in curriculum content, teaching methods, and educational goals between the two educational models. Popular music education has gained recognition in higher education for its flexibility and innovation, while traditional music education is renowned for its cultural depth and technical rigor. Through comparative analysis, this study reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each method in cultivating students’ creativity, technical skills, cultural inclusivity, and critical thinking. The research adopts Gardner’ s multiple intelligences theory, focusing on creativity, technical skills, emotional expression, social abilities, and cultural identity as core indicators. Results show that popular music education enhances creativity and social engagement, while traditional music education excels in developing technical skills and cultural appreciation. The study proposes integrating both approaches through course design, modern music technology, and diverse evaluation methods to foster students’ multidimensional growth. This integration offers educators new perspectives and tools, emphasizing the importance of technical training and creative development in music education. Unlike previous studies focusing on a single educational model, this research provides practical strategies for advancing music education innovation and development.

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